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. 2024 Jul 8;12:e48802. doi: 10.2196/48802

Table 1.

Characteristics of the included studies.

Article (author, year) Purpose Sample characteristics at baseline Study design Country and setting


Sample size, n Sex, n Age (years) Procedure/surgery


Abdul Hamid et al [36], 2022 “To assess the effects of music on patients undergoing total knee replacement surgery under subarachnoid anesthesia.” 90; EGa: 45, CGb: 45 Male: 57, female: 33 EG: 21-40 (n=15), 41-60 (n=16), >60 (n=14); CG: <20 (n=2), 21-40 (n=14), 41-60 (n=10), >60 (n=19) Total knee replacement under subarachnoid anesthesia RCTc Malaysia
Chen et al [34], 2022 “To investigate the effectiveness of intermittent positive pressure breathing with and without music intervention.” 18; EG: 9, CG: 9 Male: 14, female: 4 EG: 58.44 (SD 10.06)d; CG: 63.11 (SD 11.80)d Cardiothoracic surgery RCT Taiwan, maybe the surgery department
Jacquier et al [38], 2022 “To evaluate the effect of a musical intervention on patient anxiety during a central venous catheter or dialysis catheter implantation in an intensive care unit.” 72; EG: 37, CG: 35 Male: 39, female: 33 EG: 60 (47-70)e; CG: 61 (48-70)e Insertion of a central venous catheter or a dialysis catheter Prospective single-center controlled open-label 2-arm RCT France, medical intensive care unit
Kaur et al [35], 2022 “To evaluate the role of music on perioperative anxiety, hemodynamic parameters, and patient satisfaction in patients undergoing orthopedic surgeries under spinal anesthesia.” 70; EG: 35, CG: 35 Male: 54, female: 16 EG: 37.66 (SD 11.67)d; CG: 36.97 (SD 12.06)d Elective orthopedic surgeries under spinal anesthesia RCT India, tertiary care hospital
Anglin et al [32], 2021 “To determine if listening to music of a patient’s choice would decrease pain during various outpatient clinic urological procedures.” 91; EG: 53, CG: 38 Male: 32, female: 59 Not stated Urological procedure Unblinded, single-center RCT United States, outpatient clinic
Ferraz et al [16], 2021 “To evaluate the analgesic effect of music on acute procedural pain during the care of surgical tibial fracture wounds.” 70; EG: 35, CG: 35 Male: 64, female: 6 EG: 20-29 (n=15), 30-39 (n=7), 40-49 (n=9), 50-59 (n=4); CG: 20-29 (n=9), 30-39 (n=12), 40-49 (n=11), 50-59 (n=3) Care of surgical tibial fracture wounds managed under spinal anesthesia Randomized, controlled, blinded clinical trial Brazil, hospital
Guerrier et al [14], 2021 “To describe the effects of a web app–based music intervention on the incidence of hypertension in patients during cataract surgery performed under local anesthesia.” 309; EG: 154, CG: 155 Male: 133, female: 176 68.9 (SD 10.8)d; EG: 68.5 (SD 11.2)d; CG: 69.2 (SD 10.8)d First (unilateral) eye cataract surgery under local anesthesia Single-masked RCT France, hospital (operating room and recovery room)
Muddana et al [41], 2021 “To determine whether preoperative and perioperative music exposure reduced patient self-rated anxiety and physiologic indicators of stress during first-time phacoemulsification cataract surgery.” 330; EG: 165, CG: 165 Male: 158, female: 172 EG: 57.8 (SD 7.72)d; CG: 58.79 (SD 7.57)d First eye procedure (phacoemulsification with topical anesthesia) Prospective open-label single-masked RCT India, eye hospital
O’steen et al [15], 2021 “To evaluate the influence of genre-based music chosen by the study participant on anxiety during the first radiation therapy session.” 102; EG: 51, CG: 51 Female: 102 62 (32-92)f; EG: 63 (38-85)f; CG: 62 (32-92)f First radiation therapy treatment session Prospective RCT United States, oncology unit
Reynaud et al [20], 2021 “To determine whether listening to self-selected music decreases preoperative anxiety in women scheduled to undergo gynecologic surgery.” 171; EG: 84, CG: 87 Female: 171 41.5 (SD 10.0)d; EG: 42.1 (SD 10.1)d; CG: 41.1 (SD 10.0)d Gynecological surgery under general or spinal anesthesia Single-blind, monocentric, parallel, superiority RCT France, surgery department
Bennett et al [24], 2020 “To determine whether listening to self-selected music during image-guided breast biopsy lowers anxiety.” 129; EG: 75, CG: 54 Female: 129 49.7 (18-75)g; EG: 50.7 (30-72)g; CG: 48.4 (18-75)g Stereotactic or ultrasound-guided core biopsy Open-label RCT United States, breast imaging center
Drzymalski et al [31], 2020 “To determine the effects of patient-selected or preselected music on anxiety in a parturient undergoing scheduled cesarean delivery.” 149; EG1: 49, EG2: 50, CG: 50 Female: 149 EG1: 35 (SD 4)d; EG2: 35 (SD 5)d; CG: 33 (SD 5)d Cesarean delivery Prospective RCT United States
Li et al [40], 2020 “To investigate the potential role of music on patients undergoing routine image-guided musculoskeletal corticosteroid injections for pain.” 126; EG: 70, CG: 56 Male: 52, female: 74 EG: 56.8; CG: 58.9 Image-guided joint or spine corticosteroid injections Prospective, single-blind RCT United States
Lopez-Yufera et al [44], 2020 “To evaluate the effect of a music intervention on anxiety, blood pressure, and heart rate in adult patients with potentially malignant oral disorders.” 80; EG: 40, CG: 40 Male: 24, female: 56 68.3 (SD 2.8)d; EG: 68.1 (SD 1.3)d; CG: 67.3 (SD 1.1)d Consultation in a unit of oral medicine due to potentially malignant oral disorders RCT Spain, unit of oral medicine
Ko et al [18], 2019 “To examine the effects of an easy-listening music intervention on satisfaction, anxiety, pain, sedative and analgesic medication requirements, and physiological parameters in adult patients undergoing colonoscopy.” 80; EG: 40, CG: 40 Male: 41, female: 39 EG: 57.68 (SD 11.07)d; CG: 57.68 (SD 11.92)d Colonoscopy Prospective, parallel RCT Hong Kong, electromedical diagnostic unit
Ortega et al [37], 2019 “To evaluate whether the use of a fixed list of rhythmically slow music delivered by over-the-ear binaural headphones during a nasal fracture reduction with local anesthesia decreases the perception of pain and anxiety associated with the procedure.” 36; EG: 17, CG: 19 Male: 22, female: 14 30.5 (18-60)f; EG: 35 (13)e; CG: 30 (10)e Nasal bone fracture reduction RCT Chile, otorhinolaryngology department
Cheung et al [33], 2018 “To investigate the effect of music therapy on the perception of pain in patients undergoing a transvaginal ultrasound–guided oocyte retrieval (TUGOR) procedure.” 196; EG1: 66, CG1: 65, CG2: 65 Female: 196 EG1: 35 (SD 3.2)d; CG1: 35.7 (SD 3.6)d; CG2: 34.7 (SD 3.0)d TUGOR with conscious sedation Open-label RCT Hong Kong, assisted reproductive technology unit
Ergin et al [43], 2018 “To determine the effect of music on the severity of dyspnea, anxiety, blood pressure, breathing rate, pulse rate, and blood oxygen levels in patients with dyspnea.” 60; EG: 30, CG: 30 Male: 36, female: 24 61.21 (SD 1.13)d; EG: 60.00 (SD 12.12)d; CG: 62.43 (SD 10.65)d Being followed up with a complaint of dyspnea (no procedure) RCT Turkey, chest diseases service of a public hospital
Hepp et al [21], 2018 “To examine the anxiolytic and stress-reducing effect of a music intervention during cesarean delivery.” 304; EG: 154, CG: 150 Female: 304 33.6 (18-47)g; EG: 33.5 (SD 5.4)d; CG: 33.7 (SD 5.4)d Primary cesarean delivery under regional anesthesia Single-center controlled RCT Germany, department of gynecology and obstetrics
Mackintosh et al [42], 2018 “To evaluate the benefits of music therapy during pleural procedures on patient anxiety, perceived pain, and satisfaction with the procedure.” 60; EG: 30, CG: 30 Male: 30, female: 30 67 (SD 14)d; EG: 65 (SD 15)d; CG: 68 (SD 13)d Therapeutic pleural procedure Prospective RCT Australia, respiratory ward
Navidian et al [39], 2018 “To investigate the effect of audiovisual distraction on the tolerability of flexible bronchoscopy.” 60; EG: 30, CG: 30 Male: 34, female: 26 EG: 54.53 (SD 7.33)d; CG: 46.37 (SD 14.06)d Flexible bronchoscopy Single-center, prospective RCT Iran

aEG: experimental group.

bCG: control group or comparison group.

cRCT: randomized controlled trial.

dMean (SD).

eMedian (IQR).

fMedian (range).

gMean (range).