TABLE 10.
Relevant food‐borne Vibrio‐associated outbreaks caused by V. parahaemolyticus.
| Year | Country, region | Epidemiology | Climate‐related evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 | USA. Pacific Northwest | 209 infections reported in Oregon and Washington in the USA and from British Columbia (BC). One fatality a | Mean Pacific coastal SSTs were significantly higher (typically 3–5°C) in areas where cases were subsequently reported. Unpublished data (Baker‐Austin and Martinez‐Urtaza). Clear expansion of anomalously warm water evident during outbreak, see Annex G |
| 1999 | Spain, Galicia | 35 infections reported in Galicia, NW Spain | Significant sea surface anomaly reported from August–September 1999 (Baker‐Austin et al., 2010) |
| 2004 | Chile | 3400 cases reported in Puerto Montt, Chile. By the end of March 2005, the total number of cases in Chile was 10,783 | SSTs were ~3°C higher than the average for this time of year (16°C) (Cabello et al., 2007; Fuenzalida et al., 2006) |
| 2005 | USA, Alaska | 62 patients with GE. Vp serotype O6:K18 was isolated from most patients tested and from environmental samples of oysters | Notable anomaly. 2004 was the only year during which mean daily temperatures in July and August at the shellfish harvesting area did not drop below 15.0°C (McLaughlin et al., 2005) |
| 2012 | Spain, Galicia | 100 reported infections in Galicia, NW Spain | Significant sea surface anomaly reported in shellfish harvesting area July and August 2012 (Martinez‐Urtaza et al., 2016). Some evidence based on epidemiological data that post‐harvest contamination of seafood may have played a role. |
| 2012–2013 | USA | During May–July 2012, Vp caused 28 illnesses in nine USA states. 104 persons from 13 states during May–September 2013 | Significant SST anomaly along NE USA coastline from April–June 2012, preceding outbreaks. Unpublished data (Baker‐Austin and Martinez‐Urtaza) |
| 2015 | Canada | 82 cases reported in British Columbia, vast majority during the summer | SSTs were above the historical levels in 2015 (Taylor, Cheng, et al., 2018) |
| 2021 | USA, British Columbia | 52 clinically confirmed cases | Significant heat dome event in NW USA and Canada in July 2021. SSTs ~4°C higher than average in implicated area (Puget sound). Unpublished data (Baker‐Austin and Martinez‐Urtaza) |
Abbreviations: GE, gastroenteritis; SST, sea surface temperature.
a
Reference: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1998 Jun 12;47(22):447–62; accessible at https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/index98.html.