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. 2024 Jul 5;27:101147. doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101147

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© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

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Fig. 1 — Material Characterization.

(A) The XRD patterns of BaTiO₃, BM (BaTiO₃/MWCNTs), MC (MWCNTs/Col), and BMC (BaTiO₃/MWCNTs/Col) nanocomposite membranes are presented. (B) Raman spectra of BM, MC, and BMC nanocomposite membranes. (C) The water contact angle of various membranes; n = 6. (D) SEM images of BM, MC, and BMC nanocomposite membranes at different magnifications. (E) Young's modulus of the various membranes; n = 6. (F) Nanoindentation hardness of BM, MC, and BMC nanocomposite membranes; n = 6. (G) The piezoelectric coefficient d33 for the membranes; n = 3. (H) The output voltage of various membranes with or without LIPUS. L, LIPUS stimulation; *P < 0.05, ****P < 0.0001.