Figure 3.

Maternal exposure to HFD alters gut microbiome composition in offspring

(A) Model selection for rhythmic ASVs in male offspring from maternal HFD and maternal Ctr groups: black line, non-rhythmic ASVs; black sinus wave: rhythmic ASVs; red sinus wave, rhythmic ASVs with different phase and/or amplitude.

(B) Model distribution percentage of ASVs across models 1–5, with different colors indicating the respective model as illustrated in (A).

(C) Heatmap showing rhythmic ASVs in 4-week-old (left) and 16-week-old offspring (right). Standardized relative ASV abundance is indicated in blue (low) and yellow (high). The white and black bars denote light conditions. Different color indicates the corresponding model as shown in (A).

(D) Exemple of rhythmic ASV in 4-week-old (top) and 16-week-old offspring (bottom). Each dot represents the mean ASV abundance for each zeitgeber time (ZT) with the line illustrating the cosinor regression fit. The ZT defines the timing of entrainment by light (ZT0: lights on; ZT12: lights off).

(E) Correlation plots based on Pearson coefficient between serum metabolic profiles and ASV abundance. Only correlations with a Pearson coefficient that had an associated Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted p-value of less than 0.05 (determined through Fisher’s Z transform) were deemed statistically significant. The details of the results of the statistical analyses are available in Table S6. Colors represent positive (blue) and negative (red) correlation. Size of the circles indicates the corresponding p-value. N = 4 mice (from different litters) per group. Ctr: maternal control diet (black); HFD: maternal high-fat diet (red).