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. 2024 Jun 21;27(7):110343. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110343

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Maternal HFD alters the functional attributes of the offspring’s gut microbiome

(A and C) Heatmap for rhythmic KEGG pathway (A) and KEGG module (C) in 4-week-old offspring (left) and 16-week-old offspring (right). Standardized relative pathway/module abundance is indicated in blue (low) and yellow (high). White and black bars indicate light conditions. Different color indicates the corresponding model as shown in Figure 3A.

(B) Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism pathway in 4-week-old (top) and steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway in 16-week-old offspring (bottom).

(D) NAD+ biosynthesis module in 4-week-old offspring. The dots mark values of inferred functional activity for each zeitgeber time (ZT) with the line illustrating the cosinor regression fit. The ZT defines the timing of entrainment by light (ZT0: lights on; ZT12: lights off). N = 3 mice (from different litters) per group. Ctr: maternal control diet (black); HFD: maternal high-fat diet (red).