Figure. Adjusted Risk Ratios (aRRs)^a of Maternal Outcomes in Pregnancies With Any Prenatal Cannabis Use vs None^b.

^aRisk ratios were adjusted for maternal sociodemographic characteristics (age category, race and ethnicity, and neighborhood deprivation index), parity, birth year, prenatal care initiation, prepregnancy body mass index category, noncannabis prenatal substance use (alcohol, nicotine, opioids, stimulants, and anxiety/sleep medications), and maternal medical and mental health comorbidities (pregestational diabetes, nausea/vomiting during pregnancy, mood/anxiety disorders, other psychiatric disorders, substance use disorders [other than cannabis], and antidepressant use). Pregestational diabetes was not included as a covariate in the gestational diabetes model as patients with pregestational diabetes were ineligible for this outcome.

^bPregnancies of individuals with chronic hypertension were excluded (n = 14 187) from models of hypertensive outcomes. A total of 4737 pregnancies were excluded from the gestational diabetes model (pregnancies of individuals with pregestational diabetes were ineligible, and gestational diabetes could not be ascertained for pregnancies ending in therapeutic abortion). Pregnancies with missing weight values were excluded (n = 15 863) from the gestational weight gain models. Placenta accreta could only be ascertained for pregnancies that were delivered in a Kaiser Permanente Northern California facility and ended in live birth or stillbirth (alive at admission); 10 979 were excluded.

^cStatistical significance at the P < .05 level.