Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jul 23.
Published in final edited form as: Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2024 Feb 1;12(3):196–208. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00361-3

Figure 2: Mechanisms of PM2·5-mediated metabolic and cardiovascular effects.

Figure 2:

ACTH=adrenocorticotropic hormone. AMP=activated molecular patterns. CRH=corticotropin releasing hormone. DAMPs=disease-activated molecular patterns. FA=fatty acids. HETES=hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. HODES=hydroxyoctadecadienoates. IFN=interferon. IκB=IκB kinase. MyD88=myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88. NADPH=nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. NF-κB=nuclear factor κB. oxPAPC=oxidised phospholipid 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine. PAMPs=pathogen. PRRs=pattern recognition receptors. RNS=reactive nitrogen species. ROS=reactive oxygen species. TfR=transferrin receptor. TLR=toll-like receptors.