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. 2021 Jan 11;1:e10. doi: 10.1017/wtc.2020.10

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© The Author(s) 2021

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the same Creative Commons licence is included and the original work is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use.

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Figure 1. — The torque needed to support the torso if it is tilted forward by a given angle (torso flexion) (a), and the energy needed to raise the torso back to a vertical position after tilting forward by a given angle (b). Two sets of curves correspond to data for males and females. Within each set of curves, the top boundary corresponds to the 95th percentile in both height and weight, the middle line is the 50th percentile for height and weight, and the bottom boundary is the 5th percentile for height and weight. A 50th percentile male has a mass of 80.42 kg and is 1.76 m tall, while a 50th percentile female has a mass of 59.85 kg and is 1.62 m tall (Huston, 2009). In each graph, the torso angle (torso flexion) at the deepest portion of a lift is plotted for freestyle, squat, and stoop lifting styles. Each band corresponds to the mean and mean SD from Section “Results and Discussion”.

Inline graphic — The torque needed to support the torso if it is tilted forward by a given angle (torso flexion) (a), and the energy needed to raise the torso back to a vertical position after tilting forward by a given angle (b). Two sets of curves correspond to data for males and females. Within each set of curves, the top boundary corresponds to the 95th percentile in both height and weight, the middle line is the 50th percentile for height and weight, and the bottom boundary is the 5th percentile for height and weight. A 50th percentile male has a mass of 80.42 kg and is 1.76 m tall, while a 50th percentile female has a mass of 59.85 kg and is 1.62 m tall (Huston, 2009). In each graph, the torso angle (torso flexion) at the deepest portion of a lift is plotted for freestyle, squat, and stoop lifting styles. Each band corresponds to the mean and mean SD from Section “Results and Discussion”.