Table 1.
Demographic characteristics, perioperative medications, and anesthetic agents used for the patients who were evaluated for postoperative nausea and vomiting following laparoscopic cholecystectomy at the National Referral Hospital, Bhutan, 2018
| Demographic characteristics | Total n (%) | Postoperative nausea and vomiting | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 131) | Yes (n = 59) | |||
| Age (years) | ||||
| < 21 | 3 (1.6) | 2 (1.5) | 1 (1.7) | |
| 21–40 | 102 (53.7) | 66 (50.4) | 36 (61.0) | |
| > 40 | 85 (44.7) | 63 (48.1) | 22 (37.3) | |
| Median age (IQR) | 39 (30–50) | 40 (34–51) | 36 (28–49) ** | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 33 (17.4) | 26 (19.8) | 7 (11.9) | |
| Female | 157 (82.6) | 105 (80.2) | 52 (88.1) | |
| Body mass index (BMI) | ||||
| Normal | 50 (26.3) | 33 (25.2) | 17 (28.8) | |
| Underweight | 2 (1.1) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (1.7) | |
| Overweight | 126 (66.3) | 87 (66.4) | 39 (66.1) | |
| Obese | 12 (6.3) | 10 (7.6) | 2 (3.4) | |
| ASA classification | ||||
| ASA I | 142 (74.7) | 94 (71.8) | 48 (81.4) | |
| ASA II | 48 (25.3) | 37 (28.2) | 11 (18.6) | |
| Previous history | ||||
| History of surgery | 39 (24.2) | 33 (32.0) | 6 (10.3) | |
| History of PONV | 4 (2.5) | 3 (2.9) | 1 (1.7) | |
| History of motion sickness | 64 (39.8) | 28 (27.2) | 36 (62.1) | |
| History of gastritis and or PUD | 54 (33.5) | 39 (37.9) | 15 (25.9) | |
| Premedication | ||||
| Midazolam | 19 (23.7) | 13 (25.0) | 6 (21.4) | |
| Ranitidine | 34 (42.5) | 20 (38.4) | 14 (50.0) | |
| Metoclopramide | 27 (33.8) | 19 (36.6) | 8 (28.6) | |
| Opioid analgesics | ||||
| Fentanyl | 81 (42.6) | 57 (43.5) | 24 (40.7) | |
| Morphine | 109 (57.4) | 74 (56.5) | 35 (59.3) | |
| Adjuvant analgesics | ||||
| Paracetamol | 51 (83.6) | 42 (89.4) | 9 (64.3) * | |
| Diclofenac sodium | 10 (16.4) | 5 (10.6) | 5 (37.7) | |
| Tramadol | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Induction agents used | ||||
| Sodium Thiopentone | 125 (65.8) | 75 (57.3) | 50 (84.7) | |
| Propofol | 65 (34.2) | 56 (42.7) | 9 (15.3) | |
| Ketamine | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Muscle relaxants | ||||
| Succinylcholine | 156 (45.1) | 106 (44.7) | 50 (45.9) | |
| Vecuronium | 42 (12.1) | 25 (10.6) | 17 (15.6) | |
| Atracurium | 148 (42.8) | 106 (44.7) | 42 (38.5) | |
| Maintenance anesthetic agent | ||||
| Nitrous oxide | 60 (15.8) | 45 (17.2) | 15 (12.7) | |
| Air | 130 (34.2) | 86 (32.8) | 44 (37.3) | |
| Isoflurane | 184 (48.4) | 126 (48.1) | 58 (49.2) | |
| Sevoflurane | 3 (0.8) | 2 (0.8) | 1 (0.8) | |
| Halothane | 3 (0.8) | 3 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Intraoperative antiemetics used | ||||
| Dexamethasone | 80 (32.5) | 58 (31.7) | 22 (34.9) | |
| Ondansetron | 162 (65.9) | 121 (66.1) | 41 (65.1) | |
| Metoclopramide | 4 (1.6) | 4 (2.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Duration of surgery (minutes) | ||||
| ≤ 60 | 90 (47.4) | 61 (46.6) | 29 (49.2) | |
| > 60 | 100 (52.6) | 70 (53.4) | 30 (50.8) | |
| Intraoperative IV fluids used (ml) | ||||
| Mean IV fluid (± SD) | 733.5 (± 300.4) | 763.5 (± 286.1) | 666.9 (± 322.5) * | |
| Reversal agents | ||||
| Neostigmine and atropine | 190 (100.0) | 131 (100.0) | 59 (100.0) | |
*p-value < 0.05; ** p-value > 0.05; IQR: interquartile range; IV: intravenous fluid; PONV: postoperative nausea vomiting; PUD: peptic ulcer disease; SD: standard deviation