Table 2. Relative Risks for the Association Between Maternal HDP and Overall and Specific Types of Strabismus in Offspring.

Outcome by exposure	No. with outcome/total No. (%)	Model 1a		Model 2b		Model 3c
		RR (95% CI)	P value	RR (95% CI)	P value	RR (95% CI)	P value
Overall strabismus
No maternal HDP	340/2974 (11.4)	1 [Reference]	NA	1 [Reference]	NA	1 [Reference]	NA
Maternal HDP
Overall	28/143 (19.6)	1.71 (1.17-2.52)	.006	1.71 (1.14-2.57)	.01	1.82 (1.21-2.74)	.004
Hypertension	12/78 (15.4)	1.35 (0.76-2.39)	.31	1.36 (0.76-2.43)	.31	1.41 (0.78-2.54)	.25
Preeclampsia	16/65 (24.6)	2.15 (1.30-3.55)	.003	2.18 (1.27-3.73)	.005	2.38 (1.39-4.09)	.002
Exophoria
No maternal HDP	241/2875 (8.4)	1 [Reference]	NA	1 [Reference]	NA	1 [Reference]	NA
Maternal HDP
Overall	19/134 (14.2)	1.69 (1.06-2.70)	.03	1.74 (1.06-2.87)	.03	1.82 (1.11-3.00)	.02
Hypertension	7/73 (9.6)	1.14 (0.54-2.43)	.73	1.18 (0.55-2.53)	.66	1.23 (0.57-2.63)	.60
Preeclampsia	12/61 (19.7)	2.35 (1.31-4.19)	.004	2.54 (1.35-4.77)	.004	2.68 (1.42-5.03)	.002
Intermittent exotropia
No maternal HDP	86/2720 (3.2)	1 [Reference]	NA	1 [Reference]	NA	1 [Reference]	NA
Maternal HDP
Overall	9/124 (7.3)	2.30 (1.16-4.56)	.02	2.05 (0.99-4.24)	.05	2.36 (1.13-4.93)	.02
Hypertension	5/71 (7.0)	2.23 (0.90-5.48)	.08	2.08 (0.83-5.23)	.12	2.26 (0.89-5.76)	.09
Preeclampsia	4/53 (7.5)	2.39 (0.88-6.50)	.09	2.01 (0.70-5.76)	.19	2.51 (0.87-7.25)	.09

Abbreviations: HDP, hypertensive disorder of pregnancy; NA, not applicable; RR, relative risk.

^a Unadjusted.

^b Adjusted for maternal age, paternal age, maternal educational level, maternal residence, household annual income, mode of conception, singleton, offspring sex, and offspring age.

^c Adjusted for maternal age, paternal age, maternal educational level, maternal residence, household annual income, mode of conception, singleton, offspring sex, offspring age, mode of delivery, gestational age at birth, birth weight, and offspring refractive error.