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. 2024 Jul 22;22:432. doi: 10.1186/s12951-024-02722-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — fabrication and characterization of composite hydrogels. (a) representative macroscopic images of cs/gp/mlt-gel and cs/gp/ha/mlt-gel. (b) representative sem images of cs/gp/mlt-gel and cs/gp/ha/mlt-gel. (c) representative images of cs/gp/mlt-gel and cs/gp/ha/mlt-gel passed through a 25 g syringe needle. (d) shear rheology results of cs/gp/mlt-gel and cs/gp/ha/mlt-gel analysis. (e) step-shear results of cs/gp/mlt-gel and cs/gp/ha/mlt-gel analysis. (f) release profile of mlt in acidic environment. (g) release profile of mlt in neutral environment. (h) representative macroscopic images of cs/gp/mlt-gel and cs/gp/ha/mlt-gel at ph 5.5 and 7.4. (i) swelling coefficient of cs/gp/mlt-gel and cs/gp/ha/mlt-gel at ph 5.5 and 7.4. (j) a diagram depicting the angles used to acquire 360° images of the acupuncture needle. (k) the cs/gp/ha/mlt-gel was placed onto the ca-needle and images were obtained as described in (j). (l) the cs/gp/ha/mlt-gel was placed onto the hc-needle and images were obtained as described in (j)