Table 7.

Quality assessment

Domain	Leading explanatory questions	Points	N = 59
Selection	1. Does the patient(s) represent(s) the whole experience of the investigator (centre) or is the selection method unclear to the extent that other patients with similar presentation may not have been reported?	6	2 (10.2)
Ascertainment	2. Was the exposure adequately ascertained? Was the type of contrast reported?	1	53 (89.8)
	3. Was the outcome adequately ascertained? Was the timing and symptoms of CIN reported?	1	47 (79.7)
Causality	4. Were other alternative causes that may explain the observation ruled out? Was radiological evidence presented to rule out other acute pathologies?	1	59 (100.0)
	5. Was there a challenge/rechallenge phenomenon?	N/A	N/A
	6. Was there a dose–response effect? Was the volume of administered contrast reported?	1	53 (89.8)
	7. Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur? Was the duration of CIN symptoms reported?	1	51 (86.4)
Reporting	8. Is the case(s) described with sufficient details to allow other investigators to replicate the research or to allow practitioners make inferences related to their own practice?	1	34 (57.6)