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. 2024 Jul 10;15:1384070. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1384070

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Representative mechanical recordings from the circular muscle showing the effect of drotaverine (10–9 to 10–5 M) and HBB (10–7 to 10–5 M) on spontaneous phasic contractions (A), cch (10–5 M)-induced contractions (D), and the excitatory neural pathway under non-nitrergic non-purinergic conditions (G). Graphs (left) show the effect of accumulative concentrations of drotaverine (10–9 to 10–5 M). Two-way ANOVA (concentration x treatment) was performed without differences between drotaverine and vehicle (treatment p > 0.05). Histograms (right) show the effect of drotaverine 10–5 M plus HBB (10–7 to 10–5 M) on spontaneous phasic contractions, (B,C) cch-induced contractions (E,F), and electrical field stimulation-induced contractions (H,I) in the circular (B,E,H) and longitudinal (C,F,I) muscles. Dunnett’s post hoc test was done after ANOVA. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 compared with drotaverine 10–5 M. Data were normalized (i.e., 100%) to the basal AUC or the electrical field stimulation amplitude before drug addition. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM.