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. 2024 Jul 23;15:6211. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-50474-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Volcano plot displaying the distributions of upregulated (729) and downregulated genes (185) ( ≥ 2-fold difference, Q value < 0.05) in the Tri-NAb group compared to the Tri-mAbs group. DEGs, differentially expressed genes; non-DEGs, non-differentially expressed genes. b Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of biological process annotations of DEGs in (a) the Tri-NAb group indicating that the DEGs were mainly involved in immune pathways, including innate and adaptive immune responses. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of DEGs enriched in innate (c) and adaptive immune response pathways (d) after treatment with Tri-NAb. The green line indicates the gene enrichment score (ES) change curve. Each black vertical line represents one gene, and genes enriched in either condition are shown at the left (Tri-NAb) or right (Tri-mAbs) parts of the graph. NES, normalized enrichment score. FDR q-val, false discovery rate q-value. Heatmaps of different groups of upregulated DEGs related to NK-cell-mediated cytotoxicity (e) T-cell activation (f) and positive regulation of T-cell proliferation (g) pathways. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.