Table 2.

Studies demonstrating antiremodeling effects and reduction in heart failure by total ginkgo extract and individual ginkgolides in various experimental models and their proposed mechanisms of action.

Ginkgo or ginkgolide	Experimental model	Proposed mechanism(s)	Ref
Ginkgo extract	Adriamycin treated rats	antioxidant	[65]
	Adriamycin treated mice	antioxidant	[66]
	Adriamycin treated rats	reduced apoptosis	[67]
	Adriamycin treated rats	increased NO generation antioxidant	[68]
	Isoproterenol treated rats	antioxidant	[69]
	Isoproterenol treated rats	increased NO generation	[70]
	Isoproterenol treated NRVM	improved NO generation	[68]
	STZ treated AP mice	reduced apoptosis	[71]
		reduced inflammatory response
	Mice viral myocarditis	decreased S100A4 and MMP-3 expression	[73]
Ginkgolide B	Ang II induced H9c2	increased autophagy	[83]
Ginkgolide A	Mouse CAL	reduced inflammatory response	[84]
	Ang II induced NRVM hypertrophy	reduced inflammatory response	[84]
	LPS-induced sepsis in mice	decreased nuclear FoxO1	[85]

Table represents main findings of the specific study. See text for details. Definitions of abbreviated terms as follows: Ang II, angiotensin II; CAL, coronary artery ligation; FoxO1, Forkhead box protein O1; MMP-3, matrix metalloproteinase-3; NO, nitric oxide; NRVM, neonatal rat ventricular myocytes; S100A4, S100 calcium-binding protein A4; STZ, streptozotocin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide.