Table 2.
Characteristic of study participants according to quartiles of healthy eating index-2015 (HEI-2015).
| Variable | Case (120) | Control (250) | P** | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P* | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P* | |||
| Age (years) | 33.16 ± 3.74 | 33.84 ± 3.19 | 33.71 ± 2.69 | 32.87 ± 2.98 | 0.670 | 32.71 ± 3.22 | 32.75 ± 2.86 | 33.14 ± 3.04 | 33.15 ± 3.58 | 0.786 | 0.196 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.04 ± 2.28 | 29.89 ± 2.93 | 30.04 ± 2.62 | 29.22 ± 2.28 | 0.593 | 27.56 ± 3.44 | 28.09 ± 3.50 | 27.52 ± 3.50 | 27.79 ± 3.40 | 0.771 | 0.235 | |
| Weight (kg) | 82.34 ± 3.82 | 81.20 ± 3.31 | 82.32 ± 4.99 | 83.54 ± 4.04 | 0.263 | 77.31 ± 5.61 | 77.87 ± 5.65 | 79.10 ± 3.97 | 78.75 ± 3.26 | 0.157 | 0.487 | |
| FM (kg) | 39.20 ± 6.46 | 40.35 ± 9.39 | 36.73 ± 5.66 | 37.25 ± 6.42 | 0.199 | 36.40 ± 9.29 | 35.71 ± 9.14 | 37.72 ± 7.41 | 36.25 ± 9.65 | 0.653 | 0.020 | |
| FFM (kg) | 58.51 ± 12.07 | 58.67 ± 11.70 | 56.34 ± 10.90 | 58.27 ± 10.54 | 0.855 | 60.12 ± 11.56 | 60.72 ± 12.30 | 58.56 ± 12.16 | 61.01 ± 12.09 | 0.705 | 0.098 | |
| WC (cm) | 108.44 ± 37.54 | 100.72 ± 35.97 | 90.75 ± 24.70 | 106.08 ± 42.38 | 0.217 | 91.67 ± 13.92 | 92.58 ± 11.62 | 90.80 ± 12.31 | 91.52 ± 11.66 | 0.885 | 0.002 | |
| HC (cm) | 111.24 ± 33.07 | 107.24 ± 32.80 | 104.32 ± 28.82 | 112.77 ± 31.86 | 0.745 | 106.56 ± 12.40 | 107.10 ± 10.76 | 105.15 ± 10.42 | 105.13 ± 12.75 | 0.716 | 0.316 | |
| WHR | 0.93 ± 0.13 | 0.89 ± 0.09 | 0.88 ± 0.12 | 0.87 ± 0.11 | 0.226 | 0.86 ± 0.08 | 0.86 ± 0.08 | 0.86 ± 0.07 | 0.87 ± 0.10 | 0.776 | 0.003 | |
| SBP (mmHg) | 120.95 ± 13.04 | 120.68 ± 12.11 | 120.85 ± 12.31 | 127.50 ± 12.85 | 0.157 | 121.78 ± 13.54 | 125.07 ± 14.07 | 121.07 ± 14.63 | 126.86 ± 13.48 | 0.086 | 0.341 | |
| DBP (mmHg) | 77.93 ± 10.00 | 79.84 ± 13.59 | 80.39 ± 11.06 | 80.50 ± 13.38 | 0.774 | 80.80 ± 11.32 | 82.14 ± 12.05 | 80.53 ± 9.56 | 84.41 ± 9.46 | 0.223 | 0.056 | |
| AFC count | 2.48 ± 1.24 | 2.40 ± 0.95 | 2.25 ± 1.32 | 2.12 ± 1.22 | 0.653 | 9.76 ± 2.15 | 9.50 ± 2.30 | 9.60 ± 2.20 | 9.45 ± 2.36 | 0.859 | < 0.001 | |
| AMH (ng/ml) | 0.49 ± 0.23 | 0.75 ± 1.52 | 0.55 ± 0.22 | 0.49 ± 0.16 | 0.518 | 3.94 ± 1.16 | 4.09 ± 1.23 | 4.20 ± 1.22 | 4.28 ± 1.10 | 0.402 | < 0.001 | |
| Physical activity (MET/h/day) | 18.25 ± 4.12 | 18.60 ± 4.15 | 19.75 ± 4.34 | 20.12 ± 3.67 | 0.229 | 18.90 ± 4.59 | 18.98 ± 4.57 | 19.16 ± 4.36 | 18.92 ± 4.60 | 0.990 | 0.896 | |
| Socioeconomic status (SES) (%) | Low | 4 (9.3) | 3 (12) | 1 (3.6) | 2 (8.3) | 0.904 | 5 (6.8) | 7 (10) | 5 (8.9) | 2 (3.9) | 0.053 | 0.252 |
| Middle | 18 (41.9) | 9 (36) | 14 (50) | 9 (37.5) | 47 (64.4) | 47 (64.4) | 30 (53.6) | 22 (43.1) | ||||
| High | 21 (48.8) | 13 (52) | 13 (46.4) | 13 (54.2) | 21 (28.8) | 21 (28.8) | 21 (37.5) | 27 (52.9) | ||||
| Education (%) | Illiterate | 3 (7) | 7 (28) | 3 (10.7) | 1 (4.2) | 0.055 | 13 (17.8) | 7 (10) | 8 (14.3) | 6 (11.8) | 0.497 | < 0.001 |
| ≤ High school/diploma | 14 (32.6) | 7 (28) | 4 (14.3) | 6 (25) | 35 (47.9) | 40 (57.1) | 23 (41.1) | 23 (45.1) | ||||
| ≥ College degree | 26 (60.5) | 11 (44) | 21 (75) | 17 (70.8) | 25 (34.2) | 23 (32.9) | 25 (44.6) | 22 (43.1) | ||||
| Occupation | Housewife | 27 (62.8) | 18 (72) | 18 (64.3) | 19 (79.2) | 0.528 | 55 (75.3) | 50 (71.4) | 41 (73.2) | 38 (74.5) | 0.426 | < 0.001 |
| Employed | 9 (20.9) | 5 (20) | 7 (25) | 5 (20.8) | 1 (1.4) | 3 (4.3) | 5 (8.9) | 1 (2) | ||||
| Student | 7 (16.3) | 2 (8) | 3 (10.7) | 0 (0) | 17 (23.3) | 17 (24.3) | 10 (17.9) | 12 (23.5) | ||||
| Pervious pregnancy | Yes | 36 (83.7) | 18 (72) | 25 (89.3) | 20 (83.3) | 0.414 | 59 (80.8) | 58 (82.9) | 44 (78.6) | 42 (82.4) | 0.934 | 0.441 |
| No | 7 (16.3) | 7 (28) | 3 (10.7) | 4 (16.7) | 14 (19.2) | 12 (17.1) | 12 (21.4) | 9 (17.6) | ||||
Quantitative variables are expressed as mean ± SD and qualitative variables expressed as n (%).
The SES scored was evaluated based on education level of both subjects and the family head, job of both subjects and the family head family size, home status and home type by using self-reported questionnaire.
AFC antral follicle count, BMI body mass index, DBP diastolic blood pressure, DOR duration, diminished or decreased ovarian reserve, FFM fat free mass, FM fat mass, HC hip circumference, SBP systolic blood pressure, WC waist circumference, WHR waist to hip ratio.
Significant values are in bold.
*P values resulted from ANOVA test for quantitative and Chi-square for qualitative variables across quartiles.
**P values resulted from independent t-tests for quantitative and Chi-square for qualitative variables between the two groups.