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. 2024 Jul 23;14:16902. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-67305-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Immunohistochemical expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in liver tissue from different experimental groups. The brown color indicating positivity. (A) The control group (G1) showed slight amount of α-SMA-positivity merely seen in vascular wall. (B) G2 received sildenafil showed no difference compared with control. (C) G3 rats that received CCl₄ showed the α-SMA protein is highly expressed in the area of central vein, portal tract, and between hepatocytes. (D) G4 received sildenafil and CCl₄ and showed mild α-SMA-expression; however, the level of positivity is lower than in the G3. (Anti-α-SMA immunostaining ×100). (E) Digital morphometric study of area (%) of α-SMA immunohistochemical staining sections of liver of experimental rats. Data were used to estimate the degree of α-SMA immunohistochemical staining. P < 0.05 compared with different experimental groups. Bars represent mean ± SDM. (n = 10).