Figure 5.

Assessment of the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in liver tissue in the Wistar rats

Using quantitative real-time PCR, hepatic mRNA levels were evaluated and normalized to GAPDH mRNA expression. The values are given as the mean standard deviation of fold changes compared to the CON (Control) group. ANOVA, followed by the Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons test, was used to examine between-group differences. **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 vs control group, and, ^#P<0.05, ^##P<0.01, and ^###P<0.001 vs HFD group

TNF- α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-6: interleukin 6; IL-1-β: interleukin 1-β; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase