TABLE 1.

Summary of recent Fusarium species occurrence in some African countries.

Country/region	Food crop	AT; time	Target DNA	Primers and probes (5′‐3′) or mode of identification	Identified species	OR	References
Eastern Africa
Ethiopia	Maize	53°C; 50 s	EF‐1α	EF1 ATGGGTAAGGAGGACAAGAC	F. verticillioides	42	Tsehaye et al. (2016)
				EF2 GGAGGTACCAGTCATCATGTT	F. graminearum	22.6
					F. equiseti	0.5
Kenya	Wheat	57°C; 60 s	EF‐1α	EF1 ATGGGTAAGGAAGGACAAGAC	F. verticillioides	30.0	Kheseli et al. (2021)
				EF2 GGAGGTACCAGTCATCATGTT	F. equiseti	25.3
	Maize	53°C; 30 s	TEF 1‐α	EF1 GTGGGGCATTTACCCCGCC EF2 ACGAACCCTTACCCACCTC	F. verticillioides	–	Alaro (2021)
Tanzania	Maize	62.5°C; 60 s		NS	F. culmorum	3.8	Degraeve et al. (2016)
					F. graminearum	75
					F. culmorum	5
					F. sporotrichioides	15
					F. verticillioides	95
Uganda	Maize, rice, millet	52°C; 30 s	EF‐1α	rp32 ACAAGTGTCCTTGGGGTCCAGG rp33 GATGCTCTTGGAAGTGGCCTACG	F. verticillioides	20	Wokorach et al. (2021)
	Sorghum		TEF 1‐α	EF1 GTGGGGCATTTACCCCGCC EF2 ACGAACCCTTACCCACCTC	F. equiseti	6.9
					F. proliferatum	1.3
Zambia	Maize	–	–	Morphological	F. verticillioides	37.1	Kankolongo et al. (2009)
Southern Africa
South Africa	Commercial maize	58°C; 45 s	ITS	ITS1 TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG ITS4 TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC	F. oxysporum	20
					F. verticillioides	88	Chilaka et al. (2012)
					F. proliferatum	73
					F. oxysporum	65
					F. graminearum	48
South Africa	Maize	58°C; 45 s	ITS	FF2 GGTTCTATTTTGTTGGTTTCTA FR1 CTCTCAATCTGTCAATCCTTATT	F. verticillioides	76	Ekwomadu et al. (2018)
					F. oxysporum	60
					F. graminearum	18
					F. equiseti	18
					F. solani	1
Angola	Maize	–	–	Morphological	F. verticillioides	83	Panzo (2011)
					F. graminearum	68
					F. graminearum	22.5
					F. pseudoanthophilium	13.4
Botswana	Maize meal	–	–	Morphological	F. verticillioides	20.9	Mokgatlhe et al. (2011)
					F. proliferatum	2.5
	Sorghum meal			Morphological	F. verticillioides	20
					F. proliferatum	3.4
Western Africa
Burkina Faso	Onion	52°C; 30 s		EF1 ATGGGTAAGGARGARGACAAGAC EF2 GGARGTACCAGTSATCATCATGTT	F. oxysporum F. proliferatum	44.44 41.66	Kintega et al. (2020)
Nigeria	Oil palm	65°C; 30 s	ITS	ITS1 TCTGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG ITS4 TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC	F. oxysporum F. equiseti F. verticillioides F. proliferatum	41.37 20.68 5.17 3.44	Chidi et al. (2020)
Ivory Coast	Multiple samples	55°C; 45 s	ITS	ITS1 TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG ITS4 TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC	F. culmorum F. graminearum F. proliferatum	7.4 18.5 25.9	Aasa et al. (2022)
Ghana	Groundnut	–	–	Morphological	F. verticillioides	20.7	Korley et al. (2022)
					F. verticillioides	31
Nigeria	Maize	–	–	Morphological	F. sporotrichioides	96	Ezekiel et al. (2008)
					F. verticillioides	82
					F. graminearum	50
					F. proliferatum	40
					F. sporotrichioides	76
Northern Africa
Morocco	Wheat	58°C; 1 min 55°C; 30 s	TEF 1‐α	Fu3f GGTATCGACAAGCGAACCAT Fu3f TAGTAGCGGGGAGTCTCGAA	F. equiseti	8.82	Ezrari et al. (2020)
				FOF 1 ACATACCACTTGTTG CCTCG FOR1 CGCCAATCAATTTGAGGAACG	F. oxysporum	17.65
Egypt	Multiple products	55°C; 1 min	ITS	ITS1: TCTGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG ITS4: TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC	F. equiseti F. verticillioides		El‐Rabbat et al. (2018)
	Maize	58°C; 1 min	TEF	F1T‐F ATGGGTAAGGAGGACAAGAC EF1T‐R GGAAGTACCAGTGATCATGTT	F. proliferatum F. culmorum F. oxysporum	19.0 52.3 14.3	Khalil et al. (2013)
Algeria	Wheat	60°C; 30 s		Fco1F ATGGTGAACTCGTCGTGGC Fco1R CCCTTCTTACGCCAATCTCG	F. culmorum	68	Abdallah‐Nekache et al. (2019)
		55°C; 30 s		Fp1 1CGGGGTAGTTTCACATTTCYG Fp1 2 GAGAATGTGATGASGACAATA	F. pseudograminearum	10
		57°C; 30 s		Fum 1–654 CGGTTGTTCATCATCTCTGA Fum 1–654 GCTCCCGATGTAGAGCTTGTT	F. verticillioides	3
Algeria	Wheat	62°C; 5 s		Fcu‐F GACTATCATTATGCTTGCGAGAG Fcu‐R CTCTCATATAC	F. culmorum	40	Hadjout et al. (2022)
Tunisia/Egypt	Sorghum	60°C; 53°C	β‐tubulin, and TEF‐1a	BT2A GGTAACCAAATCGGTGCTGCTTTC BT2B ACCCTCAGTGTAGTGACCCTTGGC ET1: ATGGGTAAGGARGACAAGAC EF2: GGARGTACCAGTSATCATGTT	F. equiseta complex F. verticillioides F. proliferatum F. graminearum	62.7 6.7 3.4 1.7	Lahouar et al. (2015)
Central Africa
Cameroon	Maize, peanut, poultry feed	55°C; 20 s	IGS region	IGSF AAGGAATTCAGGAATTCTCAATTG IGSR GTCCACCGGCAAATCGCCGTGCG	F. verticillioides	90	Kana et al. (2013)

Abbreviation: OR, occurrence rate.