Electrical characterizations of single amino acids. Single‐molecule electrical testing of amino acid molecules using a) MCBJ with bare Au electrodes, b) STM‐BJ with functionalized Au electrodes, c) GMG‐SMJ upon host‐guest complexation, d) unfunctionalized nanopore, e) CB[7]‐functionalized and f) Cu2+‐functionalized nanopores. a) Reproduced with permission.[
10b
] Copyright 2014, Springer Nature. b) Reproduced with permission.[
30
] Copyright 2014, Springer Nature. c) Reproduced under the terms of the CC‐BY‐NC license.[
11b
] Copyright 2021, The authors, published by American Association for the Advancement of Science. d) Reproduced with permission.[
31
] Copyright 2019, Springer Nature. e) Reproduced with permission.[
32
] Copyright 2023, Springer Nature. f) Reproduced under the terms of the CC‐BY license.[
33
] Copyright 2024, the authors, published by Springer Nature.