Figure 3.

Electrical characterizations of single peptide. a) Relationship between conductance and molecular length of short peptides and alkanes with thiol terminal groups. Reproduced with permission.^{[ 40 ]} Copyright 2004, American Chemical Society. b) Conductance measurements of trialanine, amino‐octanoic acid, and 5‐(alanylamino)pentanoic acid. Reproduced with permission.^{[ 41 ]} Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. c) Schematic illustration of the detection of homopolymeric peptides of different lengths with a nanopore, and d) the corresponding statistical analysis of output signals. Reproduced under the terms of the CC‐BY license.^{[ 43 ]} Copyright 2018, The Authors, published by Springer Nature. e) pH‐controlled interconversion between the folded and stretched conformations of peptides. Reproduced with permission.^{[ 47a ]} Copyright 2011, American Chemical Society. f) Potential surface for charge transport versus the angular twist between neighboring amino acids. Reproduced with permission.^{[ 48 ]} Copyright 2007, WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. g) Charge transport through constrained (upper) and linear (lower) peptides. Reproduced with permission.^{[ 50 ]} Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. h) Conductance measurements of α‐peptide enantiomers on an STM‐BJ setup. Reproduced with permission.^{[ 53 ]} Copyright 2016, WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.