Table 1.
Bias Assessment of included Studies.
| Authors, Year | Study Participation | Study Attrition | Prognostic Factor Measurement | Outcome Measurement | Study Confounding | Statistical Analysis and Reporting |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nakamura et al, 2012 22 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low |
| Jones et al, 2013 12 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Arima et al, 2015 23 | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| Maki et al, 2017 24 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low |
| Rajasekaran et al, 2017 25 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low |
| Vedantam et al, 2017 26 | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low |
| Okita et al, 2018 27 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low |
| Rao et al, 2018 28 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | High | Low |
| Zheng et al, 2018 29 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Bhosale et al, 2019 30 | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate | High | Low |
| Shabani et al, 2019 16 | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | High | Low |
| Han et al, 2020 13 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Kitamura et al, 2020 31 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low |
| Severino et al, 2020 32 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Tian et al, 2021 33 | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low |
| Zhang et al, 2020 34 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low |
| Zhang et al, 2022 35 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Takamiya et al, 2023 36 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |