Table 2.
Effect of light photoperiod on crop speed breeding.
| Plant species | Light photoperiod | Other experimental details | Influence on speed breeding generations | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effects | Generations/year | ||||
| Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) |
Natural 12-h control photoperiod as control, extend the photoperiod to 22 h | 22/17°C day/night; immature seed harvest and drying | In a glasshouse with a natural variable photoperiod (10–16 h), only 2–3 generations of wheat, barley, chickpea, and canola per year, speed breeding stimulated early flowering and seed set and shortened breeding cycles, 4–6 generations of these crops per year. | 6 generations per year | Watson et al., 2018 |
| Durum wheat (T. durum) | |||||
| Barley (Hordeum vulgare) | |||||
| Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) | |||||
| Pea (Pisum sativum) | |||||
| Canola (Brassica napus) |
4 generations per year | ||||
| Hot pepper (Capsicum spp. cv. “Xiangyan55”) |
14-h, 16-h, and 18-h photoperiod | 420 µmol·m−2·s−1 | The 20-h photoperiod reduced flowering time, and the shortest day from sowing to flowering was 37 days. The breaker stage was reached at 82 DAS (days after sowing), and the red ripening stage was reached at 86 DAS. | 4 generations per year | Liu et al., 2022 |
| Hot pepper (Capsicum spp. cv. “Xiangla712’) |
Plants under the 20-h photoperiod reached the flowering stage at 43 DAS, the breaker stage at 90 DAS, and the red ripened stage at 95 DAS. | 4 generations per year | |||
| Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cross-derived F2 lines |
A conventional control treatment under a glasshouse of 10-h to 12-h photoperiod as control, extended photoperiod treatment of 22 h in a growth chamber | Using a single seed descent method (SSD) under the extended photoperiod treatment | Days to maturity under extended photoperiod method was 84 days while glasshouse-based conventional method was 172 days. | 3–4 generations per year | Omar, 2020 |
| Wild accessions of L. orientalis |
Days to maturity under an extended photoperiod method was 115 days while the glasshouse-based conventional method was 225 days. | ||||
| Moroccan varieties lentil (Lens culinaris “Bakria” and “L24”) |
22-h, 18-h, and 14-h photoperiod | Temperature of 23–26°C light/12–18°C dark | A photoperiod of 18 h as a balance between 22 h and 14 h was more optimal for speeding up the breeding cycles. | Not available | Mitache et al., 2023 |
| Chickpea (Cicer arietinum “Bouchra” and “Local Chaouia”) | |||||
| Faba bean (Vicia faba L. “Hiba” and “Loubab”) | |||||
| Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa cv. “Albion”) |
Photoperiodic treatment of 24-h and 18-h continuous light and natural daylight | Using incandescent light as the predominant light source | Flowering response for “Albion” established a similar degree of sensitivity to photoperiod. | Not available | Sidhu et al., 2022 |
| Supplemented for long-day (LD; 24 h) and short-day (SD; 10 h) photoperiods | Using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the light source | LD photoperiod exposure of diverse light combinations significantly promoted the inflorescences and flower buds inside the crown. | Not available | ||