Table 2.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics by receipt of UDT at delivery only (N = 2506)
| Characteristic | UDT = No | UDT = Yes | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N† | n (%) | N‡ | n (%) | ||
| Age, mean ± SD | 2339 | 27.5 ± 6.0 | 167 | 28.5 ± 6.1 | 0.044 |
| Race/ethnicity (self-reported) | 2339 | 167 | 0.005 | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 611 (26.1) | 65 (38.9) | |||
| Black | 928 (39.7) | 55 (32.9) | |||
| Hispanic | 634 (27.1) | 33 (19.8) | |||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 63 (2.7) | 609 (2.6) | |||
| Other§ | 103 (4.4) | 9 (5.4) | |||
| Insurance payor | 2339 | 167 | 0.016 | ||
| Medicaid | 1726 (73.8) | 109 (65.3) | |||
| Non-Medicaid|| | 613 (26.2) | 58 (34.7) | |||
| Marital status | 2339 | 167 | 0.065 | ||
| Single | 1885 (80.6) | 125 (74.9) | |||
| Married/domestic partner | 400 (17.1) | 34 (20.4) | |||
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 54 (2.3) | 8 (4.8) | |||
| Employment status | 2286 | 159 | 0.144 | ||
| Employed | 969 (42.4) | 58 (36.5) | |||
| Prenatal care | 2339 | 167 | |||
| Gestational age at first visit, mean ± SD | 16.0 ± 8.5 | 20.9 ± 9.0 | < 0.001 | ||
|
Number of prenatal care visits, mean ± SD |
9.4 (4.5) | 6.2 (3.8) | < 0.001 | ||
| Location of prenatal care | 2339 | 167 | < 0.001 | ||
| Inner-city | 1730 (74.0) | 98 (58.7) | |||
| Non-inner-city | 609 (26.0) | 69 (41.3) | |||
| Obstetric history, median (range) | |||||
| Gravidity | 2339 | 3 (1–16) | 167 | 3 (1–14) | 0.711 |
| Parity | 2338 | 2 (1–11) | 167 | 2 (0–8) | 0.748 |
| Term births | 2247 | 2 (0–10) | 147 | 2 (0–8) | 0.602 |
| Preterm births | 1457 | 0 (0–7) | 108 | 1 (0–4) | 0.004 |
| Abortions | 1735 | 1 (0–14) | 117 | 1 (0–8) | 0.130 |
| Obstetric diagnoses | 2339 | 167 | |||
| Preeclampsia | 130 (5.6) | 4 (2.4) | 0.079 | ||
| Placenta previa | 89 (3.8) | 2 (1.2) | 0.083 | ||
| Preterm labor | 123 (5.3) | 18 (10.8) | 0.003 | ||
| Intrauterine growth restriction | 74 (3.2) | 5 (3.0) | 0.903 | ||
| Third-trimester bleeding | 80 (3.4) | 3 (1.8) | 0.257 | ||
| Eclampsia | 4 (0.2) | 1 (0.6) | 0.292 | ||
| Placental abruption | 5 (0.2) | 1 (0.6) | 0.339 | ||
| Maternal comorbidities | 2339 | 167 | |||
| Mental health diagnosis | 930 (39.8) | 72 (43.1) | 0.393 | ||
| Sexually transmitted infection | 262 (11.2) | 13 (7.8) | 0.172 | ||
| Hepatitis C virus | 38 (1.6) | 68 (40.7) | 0.342 | ||
| HIV | 22 (0.9) | 3 (1.8) | 0.230 | ||
| Maternal substance use history | 2339 | 167 | |||
| SUD (during pregnancy) | 347 (14.8) | 35 (21.0) | 0.033 | ||
| SUD (past history) | 408 (17.4) | 43 (25.7) | 0.007 | ||
| Substance use (during pregnancy)†† | 514 (22.0) | 38 (22.8) | 0.814 | ||
| Substance use (past history)†† | 685 (29.3) | 55 (32.9) | 0.318 | ||
| Tobacco (during pregnancy) | 619 (26.5) | 66 (39.5) | < 0.001 | ||
| Alcohol (during pregnancy) | 540 (23.1) | 36 (21.6) | 0.650 | ||
UDT, urine drug testing; SD, standard deviation; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; SUD, substance use disorder
†Total number of patients for whom UDT was not performed taking into account missing data
‡Total number of patients for whom UDT was performed taking into account missing data
§Includes those that self-identified as Native American-Alaskan, multi-racial, those marked as “Other”, and those marked as “Declined to Answer”
||Non-Medicaid included commercial or military insurance, self-pay, or unknown insurance payer
††Substance use is based on whether an individual was marked as someone who uses “illicit drugs” in the social history portion of the medical chart