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. 2024 Jul 24;28(8):444. doi: 10.1007/s00784-024-05836-7

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Representative SEM images of the fractured dentin surfaces at T0 (baseline). (A – E) Low magnification (500 X, bars: 500 μm) and (a – e) high magnification (2000 X, bars: 80 μm) of the areas limited by the yellow section in (A – E). (A) Negative control group with adhesive failure. (a) Presence of an adhesive layer and open dentin tubules. (B) Positive control group with mixed failure. (b) Presence of open dentin tubules, adhesive layer, and composite resin. (C) nHAp_PA 2% with mixed failure. (c) Presence of dentin tubules sealed by resin tags, adhesive layer, and composite resin. (D) nHAp_PA 6.5% with mixed failure. (d) Presence of adhesive layer and composite resin. (E) nHAp_PA 15% with cohesive failure in composite resin. (e) Presence of resin composite on the entire surface. Arrows: open dentin tubules. Arrowheads: dentin tubules sealed by resin tags. A: Adhesive. D: Dentin. CR: composite resin