Table 3.
Mean values ± standard error of the mean of soil chemical and physical properties (potassium (K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), total nitrogen (N), total carbon (C), C:N ratio, soil pH levels, soil moisture content, bulk density of the soil, soil penetration resistance, percentages of sand, silt, and clay) by mining status and slope at mining locations around Accra, southern Ghana (2021). Different letters indicate significant differences for mining status (averaged over all slope levels) and slope (averaged over all mining status levels) at P < 0.05.
| Mining status | Slope | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Unmined | Near mined | Mined | Lower | Upper | |
| K (mg kg-1) |
110 ± 5.4 a |
104 ± 5.5 a |
33 ± 2.7 b |
76 ± 4.3 a |
89 ± 4.6 b |
|
| Na (mg kg-1) |
12 ± 1.3 a |
9 ± 0.6 a |
28 ± 3.2 b |
19 ± 2.2 a |
13 ± 1.1 a |
|
| Mg (mg kg-1) |
203 ± 7.7 a |
173 ± 5.8 a |
115 ± 6.7 b |
156 ± 5.9 a |
171 ± 1.2 b |
|
| P (mg kg-1) |
16 ± 2.8 a |
12 ± 1.7 a |
3 ± 0.5 b |
9 ± 6.0 a |
12 ± 1.9 b |
|
| N (g kg-1) |
0.9 ± 0.03 a |
0.8 ± 0.02 a |
0.3 ± 0.02 b |
0.65 ± 0.03 a |
0.72 ± 0.03 b |
|
| C (g kg-1) |
9.6 ± 0.3 a |
8.7 ± 0.3 a |
3.5 ± 0.2 b |
7.1 ± 0.3 a |
7.8 ± 0.3 b |
|
| C/N ratio |
10.9 ± 0.1 a |
10.9 ± 0.1 a |
10.6 ± 0.1 a |
10.8 ± 0.1 a |
10.8 ± 0.1 a |
|
| pH |
6.4 ± 0.1 a |
6.6 ± 0.1 a |
6.1 ± 0.1 b |
6.3 ± 0.1 a |
6.5 ± 0.04 b |
|
| Soil moisture (%VWC) |
13 ± 0.4 ab |
11 ± 0.3 a |
17 ± 0.8 b |
14 ± 0.4 a |
13 ± 0.4 b |
|
|
Bulk density (g cm-3) |
1.19 ± 0.01 a |
1.22 ± 0.01 a |
1.32 ± 0.01 b |
1.25 ± 0.01 a |
1.23 ± 0.01 a |
|
| Penetration re-sistance (MPa) |
0.12 ± 0.003 a |
0.16 ± 0.003 a |
0.23 ± 0.004 b |
0.17 ± 0.003 a |
0.17 ± 0.003 b |
|
| Sand (%) |
71 ± 2.0 a |
75 ± 1.0 a |
80 ± 1.6 b |
|||
| Silt (%) |
21 ± 9.2 a |
11 ± 0.8 a |
9 ± 0.9 a |
|||
| Clay (%) |
15 ± 1.8 a |
11 ± 0.8 ab |
9 ± 1.1 b |
|||