Table 1.
Demographics, clinical characteristics, and secondary measures at baseline.
| Probiotics group | Placebo group | Group comparison | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | (n = 19) | (n = 24) | |
| Age | 39.21 (11.53) | 38.04 (10.24) | W = 238.5, p = 0.81 |
| Sex, n (%; female) | 14 (74) | 12 (50) | χ2(1) = 1.60, p = 0.21 |
| BMI | 23.83 (3.66) | 25.13 (4.01) | W = 177, p = 0.30 |
| Compliance rate | 87 (8.44) | 88 (8.17) | W = 186, p = 0.84 |
| Depression severity | |||
| HAMD-17 | 19.13 (4.89) | 16.5 (4.18) | W = 311, p = 0.04 |
| BDI-II | 21.53 (7.59) | 22.31 (9.94) | W = 218.5, p = 0.96 |
| Medication (DDD) | |||
| Antidepressant equivalents | 1.86 (1.30) | 1.82 (1.12) | W = 227, p = 0.99 |
| Antipsychotic equivalents | 0.33 (0.71) | 0.24 (0.31) | W = 241, p = 0.76 |
| Clinical measures | |||
| N of hospitalizations | 2.29 (1.48) | 1.85 (1.23) | W = 210.5, p = 0.32 |
| STAI 1 | 49 (14.11) | 51.83 (10.61) | W = 191, p = 0.68 |
| GSRS | 28.16 (9.65) | 29.96 (12.79) | W = 211.5, p = 0.87 |
| Blood measures | |||
| Immune-inflammatory markers | (n = 18) | (n = 22) | |
| IL-1βa | 0.002 (0.003) | 0.001 (0.001) | W = 73.5, p = 0.49 |
| IL-6a | 0.098 (0.076) | 0.104 (0.081) | W = 166, p = 0.86 |
| MIFa | 169.15 (88.84) | 251.19 (106.21) | W = 250, p = 0.01 |
| CRPb | 1.78 (1.36) | 1.11 (0.82) | W = 110, p = 0.08 |
| Gut-related hormones | |||
| Ghrelina | 7.92 (6.26) | 8.43 (5.99) | W = 191, p = 0.72 |
| Leptinb | 0.014 (0.013) | 0.01 (0.011) | W = 103, p = 0.24 |
| Saliva measures | |||
| Cortisol | (n = 17) | (n = 21) | |
| Evening cortisolc | 1.03 (1.09) | 1 (0.37) | W = 136, p = 0.80 |
| Waking cortisolc | 6.55 (3.72) | 8.05 (4.36) | W = 120, p = 0.41 |
| CARc | 7.09 (6.86) | 7.99 (5.71) | W = 145, p = 0.99 |
| Appetite measures | (n = 19) | (n = 24) | |
| Satiety | 4.76 (2.73) | 4.55 (2.72) | W = 164, p = 0.87 |
| Hunger | 4.29 (2.28) | 5 (2.64) | W = 193.5, p = 0.48 |
| Feeling of fullness | 2.35 (1.93) | 3.35 (2.62) | W = 207, p = 0.23 |
| Desire to eat | 3.82 (2.65) | 5.05 (2.91) | W = 212.5, p = 0.20 |
Measures are presented as mean (SD) unsless stated otherwise. BMI Body mass index, HAMD-17 Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression 17-item, BDI-II Beck Depression Inventory 2nd edition, DDD Defined Daily Dose, STAI 1 State-Trait Anxiety Inventory 1, GSRS Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, IL Interleukin, MIF Macrophage Inhibitory Factor, CRP C-reactive Protein, CAR Cortisol Awakening Response. ain pg/ml, bin mg/l, cin nmol/l.