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. 2024 Jul 10;8:e58818. doi: 10.2196/58818

Table 3.

Hierarchical regression analysis.

Block of variables Communication and interaction Situation awareness and vigilance Cooperation and team skills Leadership and managerial skills Decision-making


β P value △R2 β P value △R2 β P value △R2 β P value △R2 β P value △R2
Block 1

Gender .03 .65 0.006 .04 .54 0.004 .09 .20 0.010 .14 .06 0.019 .09 .21 0.008

Age .07 .31 —a –.05 .52 — –.04 .62 — .01 .93 — .01 .88 —
Block 2

Gender .04 .61 0.002 .06 .42 0.017 .10 .15 0.016 .14 .06 0.001 .09 .20 0.004

Age .07 .39 — –.03 .76 — –.04 .16 — –.01 .88 — –.01 .93 —

VRb experience .05 .52 — .12 .11 — .13 .08 — .01 .87 — .06 .42 —

Clinical experience 0 .91 — –.08 .31 — –.03 .72 — .04 .65 — .02 .81 —
Block 3

Gender –.01 .88 0.186c .01 .89 0.226c .07 .34 0.110c .08 .20 0.208c .04 .51 0.163c

Age .11 .15 — .01 .92 — –.02 .81 — .02 .77 — .01 .89 —

VR experience .03 .67 — .10 .13 — .12 .09 — –.01 .86 — .04 .56 —

Clinical experience –.02 .78 — –.08 .29 — –.03 .66 — .03 .69 — .02 .76 —

Involvement .30 .02 — .25 .05 — .12 .36 — .18 .15 — 0 .98 —

Sensory fidelity .16 .13 — .27 .01 — .21 .06 — .11 .26 — .22 .04 —

Immersion 0 .99 — –.01 .90 — .03 .81 — .19 .07 — .23 .03 —

Interface quality –.12 .08 — –.03 .62 — –.09 .20 — –.13 .04 — –.09 .19 —
Block 4

Gender .03 .59 0.142c .03 .57 0.104c .09 .14 0.256c .11 .07 0.149c .09 .11 0.217c

Age .09 .19 — 0 .98
–.02 .74
.01 .83
–.01 .87

VR experience .04 .56 — .10 .08
.13 .03
0 .97
.05 .41

Clinical experience –.04 .54 — –.09 .16 — –.06 .35 — .01 .91 — 0 .96 —

Involvement .24 .04 — .21 .07 — .07 .54 — .14 .23 — –.07 .56 —

Sensory fidelity .14 .13 — .27 .01 — .21 .02 — .11 .22 — .21 .02 —

Immersion –.14 .17 — –.13 .19 — –.15 .12 — .06 .56 — .06 .51 —

Interface quality –.05 .44 — .02 .78 — –.03 .65 — –.08 .20 — 0 .94 —

Self-confidence .10 .33 — .21 .03 — .49 <.001 — .31 .002 — .16 .103 —

Satisfaction .34 .001 — .16 .12 — .08 .41 — .14 .17 — .39 <.001 —

aNot applicable.

b VR: virtual reality.

cP<.001.