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. 2024 Jul 9;12:1412584. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1412584

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Copyright © 2024 Salamanna, De Luca, Vandenbulcke, Di Matteo, Kon, Grassi, Ballardini, Morozzi, Raimondi, Bellavia, Costa, Zaffagnini, Fini and Giavaresi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A,B) Realtime PCR results of the major osteoblastic lineage genes conducted on hMSC in the 3D models at (A) 7 and (B) 14 days; RNA was extracted and the relative gene expression of RUNX2, ALPL, COL1A1 and BGLAP was calculated by normalizing to a housekeeping gene (GAPDH). (C,D) Evaluation of pro-inflammatory growth factors, Interleukin 1 beta (IL1β), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα) and Interleukin 6 (IL6) secreted by the 3D fracture models in the culture medium and assayed by immunoenzymatically tests after (C) 7, and (D)14 days of culture.