Figure 1. Flowchart of the Analysis Cohort Selection.

Among the 42 406 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) respondents in 2006 to 2020, we excluded 28 757 individuals. For disability, dementia, cardiovascular disease, and stroke outcomes, we further excluded individuals with no linked Medicare claims or with the outcome missing or the outcome before first measurement of social isolation. The flowcharts for the other 4 outcomes are listed in eFigure 1 in Supplement 1. LBQ indicates Leave-Behind Questionnaires.