Table. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the HRS Analysis Cohort by Social Isolation Group From Baseline to Second Social Isolation Index Measurement.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) | P valuea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Decreased isolation | Stable | Increased isolation | ||
| Patients, No. | 3122 | 6349 | 4178 | NA |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1432 (45.9) | 2537 (40.0) | 1669 (39.9) | <.001 |
| Female | 1690 (54.1) | 3812 (60.0) | 2509 (60.1) | |
| Cohortb | ||||
| AHEAD | 98 (3.1) | 236 (3.7) | 241 (5.8) | <.001 |
| CODA | 264 (8.5) | 597 (9.4) | 553 (13.2) | |
| HRS | 1023 (32.8) | 2178 (34.3) | 1436 (34.4) | |
| WB | 474 (15.2) | 1007 (15.9) | 578 (13.8) | |
| BB | 1263 (40.5) | 2331 (36.7) | 1370 (32.8) | |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic | 349 (11.2) | 559 (8.8) | 424 (10.1) | <.001 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 526 (16.8) | 903 (14.2) | 645 (15.4) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 2153 (69.0) | 4727 (74.5) | 3003 (71.9) | |
| Otherc | 94 (3.0) | 160 (2.5) | 106 (2.5) | |
| Educational level, y | ||||
| <12 | 599 (19.2) | 1092 (17.2) | 853 (20.4) | <.001 |
| 12 | 1026 (32.9) | 2131 (33.6) | 1423 (34.1) | |
| >12 | 1497 (48.0) | 3126 (49.2) | 1902 (45.5) | |
| Baseline characteristics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 64.37 (9.26) | 64.99 (9.33) | 66.56 (9.96) | <.001 |
| Proxy vs self | 3086 (98.8) | 6266 (98.7) | 4129 (98.8) | .75 |
| Baseline isolation | 2067 (66.2) | 1796 (28.3) | 693 (16.6) | <.001 |
| Baseline year | ||||
| 2006 | 1236 (39.6) | 2498 (39.3) | 1707 (40.9) | .008 |
| 2008 | 1032 (33.1) | 2259 (35.6) | 1489 (35.6) | |
| 2010 | 432 (13.8) | 796 (12.5) | 470 (11.2) | |
| 2012 | 341 (10.9) | 655 (10.3) | 403 (9.6) | |
| 2014 | 81 (2.6) | 141 (2.2) | 109 (2.6) | |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 28.79 (5.92) | 28.67 (6.01) | 28.55 (5.84) | .24 |
| Hypertension | 1623 (52.0) | 3345 (52.7) | 2290 (54.8) | .03 |
| Diabetes | 587 (18.8) | 1120 (17.6) | 785 (18.8) | .22 |
| Lung disease | 240 (7.7) | 438 (6.9) | 325 (7.8) | .17 |
| Heart disease | 575 (18.4) | 1155 (18.2) | 874 (20.9) | .001 |
| Stroke | 186 (6.0) | 339 (5.3) | 262 (6.3) | .12 |
| Cancer | 378 (12.1) | 759 (12.0) | 543 (13.0) | .26 |
| Psychiatric problems | 466 (14.9) | 825 (13.0) | 610 (14.6) | .01 |
| Arthritis | 1609 (51.5) | 3453 (54.4) | 2349 (56.2) | <.001 |
| Total assets, quantile | ||||
| 1st | 713 (22.8) | 1092 (17.2) | 775 (18.5) | <.001 |
| 2nd | 637 (20.4) | 1235 (19.5) | 910 (21.8) | |
| 3rd | 733 (23.5) | 1577 (24.8) | 1101 (26.4) | |
| 4th | 1039 (33.3) | 2445 (38.5) | 1392 (33.3) | |
| CES-D score, mean (SD) | 1.44 (2.00) | 1.25 (1.85) | 1.43 (1.96) | <.001 |
| Current smoker | 437 (14.0) | 851 (13.4) | 582 (13.9) | .64 |
| Married vs not married | 1049 (33.6) | 1917 (30.2) | 1269 (30.4) | <.002 |
| ADL score, mean (SD) | 0.28 (0.84) | 0.22 (0.74) | 0.29 (0.84) | <.001 |
| Cognition, mean (SD)d | 15.60 (4.09) | 16.03 (3.91) | 15.34 (4.09) | <.001 |
| Incidence disease from baseline to second social isolation measure | ||||
| Hypertension | 263 (8.4) | 506 (8.0) | 339 (8.1) | .75 |
| Diabetes | 177 (5.7) | 363 (5.7) | 222 (5.3) | .66 |
| Lung disease | 93 (3.0) | 199 (3.1) | 138 (3.3) | .73 |
| Heart disease | 191 (6.1) | 409 (6.4) | 293 (7.0) | .28 |
| Stroke | 86 (2.8) | 153 (2.4) | 167 (4.0) | <.001 |
| Cancer | 130 (4.2) | 250 (3.9) | 179 (4.3) | .66 |
| Psychiatric problem | 92 (2.9) | 187 (2.9) | 178 (4.3) | <.001 |
| Arthritis | 248 (7.9) | 471 (7.4) | 334 (8.0) | .48 |
| Change from baseline to second social isolation measure, mean (SD) | ||||
| CES-D score | −0.10 (1.62) | −0.02 (1.49) | 0.07 (1.64) | <.001 |
| ADL score | 0.05 (0.71) | 0.06 (0.66) | 0.13 (0.79) | <.001 |
| Cognitiond | −0.43 (3.09) | −0.43 (2.95) | −0.58 (3.09) | .03 |
Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; AHEAD, Assets and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old; BB, Baby Boomer; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression; CODA, Children of the Depression; HRS, Health and Retirement Study; NA, not applicable; WB, War Baby.
P values are from the 2-sample t test or Wilcoxon rank sum test for comparing continuous covariates and the χ2 test for comparing categorical covariates.
The HRS included 5 birth cohorts: AHEAD, individuals born prior to 1924; CODA, born 1924-1930; original HRS, born 1931-1941; WB, born 1942-1947; and BB, born 1948-1959.
Other includes American Indian, Alaskan Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, and other race or unknown.
Model-adjusted 27-point cognition score.