Figure 2.

OV combination therapy reshapes the TME. Treatment of tumors with OVs alone or in combination with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, cell therapy and ICIs alters the tumor immune microenvironment, transitioning it from a “cold tumor” to a “hot tumor,” with the reshaping effect more pronounced in combination therapy. Furthermore, OV combination therapy reduces the tumor infiltration of immunosuppressive cells (including Treg cells and M2-polarized macrophages), while enhancing the proliferation of activated immune cells (such as CAR-T cells, CAR-NK cells, TILs, NK cells, M1-polarized macrophages, and DCs), thereby exerting a stronger anti-tumor effect.