Table 2:
Overview of different studies that employed hydrochemical parameters as dynamic population proxy
| PB | Daily per capita emission estimation | Coefficient of determination [external validator] | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wastewater flow | 251 L/day/inhabitant | Not applicable | Zheng et al.2019 (30) |
| 251 L/day/inhabitant | Not applicable | Wang et al.2021 (49) | |
| 300 L/day/inhabitant | Not applicable | Verhagen et al. 2023 (50) | |
| 300 L/day/inhabitant | Not applicable | Tscharke et al. 2019 (9) | |
| 167 L/day/inhabitant | r2 = 0.93 [census data] | Hou et al. 2021 (29) | |
| Chemical oxygen demand (COD) | 110 g/day/inhabitant (51) | Not applicable | Di Marcantonio et al. 2022 (35) |
| 136 g/day/inhabitant (11,52,53) | 640 000 +/− 98 000 people vs 600 000 from census location 1 and 1 700 000 +/− 1250 000 vs. 2 500 000 from census | Bijlsma et al. 2016 (37) | |
| 120 g/day/inhabitant | Not applicable | Schenk et al. 2023 (54) | |
| 128 g/day/inhabitant | No reliable correlation with BOD, TN, TP | Rico et al. 2017 (19) | |
| 43.9 g/day/inhabitant | r2COD = 0.87 [cotinine mass load] | Zheng et al. 2019 (30) | |
| 43.9 g/day/inhabitant (55) | Not Applicable | Song et al. 2020 (42) | |
| 43.9 g/day/inhabitant (55) | Not Applicable | Zhang et al. 2019 (41) | |
| Biological oxygen demand (BOD) | 5.9 g/day/inhabitant | RSD 37% (n=7) [census data] | Croft et al. 2020 (38) |
| Not applicable | r2BOD = 0.94 [census data], wet weather and r2TSS = 0.96 [census data], dry weather | Hoar et al. 2014 (46) | |
| 60 g/day/inhabitant (11,52,53) | 730 000 +/− 120 000 people vs 600 000 from census location 1 and 1 850 000 +/− 180 000 vs. 2 500 000 from census | Bijlsma et al. 2016 (37) | |
| Not applicable | r2BOD = 0.96 [census data] | Li et al. 2022 (45) | |
| 50.7 g/day/inhabitant | Population estimates differed from other values (e.g., mobile phone data) and therefore assumed as high uncertainty | Sim et al. 2023 (47) | |
| 60 g/day/inhabitant | No reliable correlation with COD, TN, TP | Rico et al. 2017 (19) | |
| Ammonia (NH3) | Not applicable | r2NH3 = 0.91 [census data], both for wet and dry weather | Hoar et al. 2014 (46) |
| Ammonium (NH4-N) | Not applicable | Not specified but strong correlation with BE and THC-COOH | Been et al. 2014 (20) |
| Not applicable | Not specified, but viral loads adjusted for ammonia were consistent with trends for 3 out of 4 pandemic waves | Xie et al. 2022 (23) | |
| 9.5 g/day/inhabitant | r2NH4N = 0.91 [census data] | Zhang et al. 2019 (41) | |
| 8.1 g/day/inhabitant | Not applicable | Benaglia et al. 2020 (56) | |
| 6 g/day/inhabitant (55) | Not applicable | Shao et al. 2021 (57) | |
| 6 g/day/inhabitant (55) | Not applicable | Wang et al. 2019 (31) | |
| 6 g/day/inhabitant, considering daily variation and lower industry input surveyed from the WWTP operators | r2NH4N = 0.99 [WWTP expert judgement population] | Zheng et al. 2017 (55) | |
| 8.6 g/day/inhabitant, mean of 6.5 and 10.7 | Not applicable | Aberi et al. 2021 (58) | |
| 6 g/day/inhabitant (55) | r2NH4N = 0.42 [census data of all WWTPs], r2NH4N = 0.68 [census data of all WWTPs with WWTPS that process industrial wastewater removed] | Cong et al. 2021 (43) | |
| 6.9 g/day/inhabitant (20) | not mentioned, but average population for both investigated catchment areas determined using ammoniacal nitrogen load were 16% lower and 3% higher. | Bowers et al. 2021 (44) | |
| 6 g/day/inhabitant (55) | Not applicable | Saththasivam et al. 2021 (59) | |
| 6.9 g/day/inhabitant (20) | Not specified | O’Rourke et al. 2020 (60) | |
| 6.9 g/day/inhabitant (20) | RSD 18% (n=7) [census data] | Croft et al. 2020 (38) | |
| 8 g/day/inhabitant | Not applicable | Schenk et al. 2023 (54) | |
| 6 g/day/inhabitant | Not applicable | Zheng et al. 2019 (30) | |
| 6 g/day/inhabitant (55) | r2Population model = 0.91 [census data], r2NH4N = 0.88 [cotinine mass load] | Song et al. 2020 (42) | |
| 6 g/day/inhabitant (55) | Not applicable | Zhang et al. 2019 (41) | |
| Total nitrogen (TN) and total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) | 12.6 – 13.4 g/day/inhabitant (TKN) | r2TN = 0.89 [census data], wet weather and r2TN = 0.91 [census data], dry weather | Hoar et al. 2014 (46) |
| 12 g/day/inhabitant (TN) | Not applicable | Schenk et al. 2023 (54) | |
| Not applicable (TKN) | r2TN = 0.98 [census data] | Li et al. 2022 (45) | |
| 10.6 g/day/inhabitant (TN) | Population estimates differed from other values (e.g., mobile phone data) and therefore assumed as high uncertainty | Sim et al. 2023 (47) | |
| 12.5 – 14 g/day/inhabitant (n=4) (TN) | No improvement in the strength of the relationship between clinical case numbers and COVID-19 in IWW | Isaksson et al. 2022 (15) | |
| 8.5 g/day/inhabitant (TN) | r2 = 0.79 [census data] | Yaniv et al. 2021 (48) | |
| 10 g/day/inhabitant (TN) | No reliable correlation with BOD, COD,TP | Rico et al. 2017 (19) | |
| Total phosphorus (TP) | 1.7 g/day/inhabitant (40) | RSD 21% (n=7) [census data] | Croft et al. 2020 (38) |
| 1.2 g/day/inhabitant | Population estimates differed from other values (e.g., mobile phone data) and therefore assumed as high uncertainty | Sim et al. 2023 (47) | |
| 1.2–2.1 g/day/inhabitant (n=4) | No improvement in the strength of the relationship between clinical case numbers and COVID-19 in IWW | Isaksson et al. 2022 (15) | |
| 1.7 g/day/inhabitant | No reliable correlation with BOD, COD, TN | Rico et al. 2017 (19) | |
| 0.8 g/day/inhabitant (55) | r2TP = 0.79 [cotinine mass load] | Zheng et al. 2019 (30) | |
| 0.8 g/day/inhabitant (55) | Not Applicable | Song et al. 2020 (42) | |
| 0.8 g/day/inhabitant (55) | Not Applicable | Zhang et al. 2019 (41) | |
| Total suspended solids (TSS) | Not applicable | r2TSS = 0.78 [census data], wet weather and r2TSS = 0.71 [census data], dry weather | Hoar et al. 2014 (46) |
| Not applicable | r2TSS = 0.83 [census data] | Li et al. 2022 (45) | |
| Volatile suspended solids (VSS) | Not applicable | r2VSS = 0.85 [census data] | Li et al. 2022 (45) |