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. 2024 Jul 25;24:275. doi: 10.1186/s12866-024-03407-0

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 7 — LEfSe showing functional biomarkers that differed in abundance between Control and Stress groups. Identification of predicted gut microbiota functions that differentiated the two groups for (A) all time points, (B) T06, (C) T12, and (D) T24 by LDA effect size. The pattern-coded bars represent functions that reoccur at different time points. The functional biomarkers (here with annotation at the KEGG 3 level) corresponded to the predicted microbial pathways in Table S3. The differences were significant (p < 0.05) among classes (Kruskal-Wallis test). The threshold value of the logarithmic LDA score was 3.0