Table 1.
Studies applying the TPB to examine COVID-19 booster intention.
| Authors (Years) | Country (Region) |
Sample | N | Included TPB Constructs | Other Predictors | Key TPB Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Almokdad et al. (2023)15 | South Korea | All adults (Mean age: 28.46) | 315 | ATT, SN, PBC | Universalism, benevolence, conformity, tradition, security, herd immunity awareness, ascribed responsibility | ATT, SN and PBC were found to be associated with COVID-19 booster intention. |
| Barattucci et al. (2022)16 | Italy | All adults (Mean age: 40.06 ± 13.8) | 1,095 | SN | Gender, age, education, fear of the vaccine, fear of COVID-19, trust in science, trust in vaccine, COVID-19 knowledge, vulnerability, and severity | SN was found to be associated with COVID-19 booster intention. |
| Catalano et al. (2023)17 | USA (southeastern region) | All adults (Age 18, mean age not reported) | 288 | ATT, SN, PBC | ATT and SN were found to be associated with COVID-19 booster intention. | |
| Geers et al. (2022)18 | USA (national sample) | All adults (Mean age: 31.66 ± 11.05) | 551 | ATT | Trust in development, COVID-19 worry, side effect concern, political affiliation | ATT was found to be associated with COVID-19 booster intention. |
| Folcarelli et al. (2022)19 | Italy | All adults (Mean age: 32.1 ± 15.9) | 615 | ATT | Perceived risk of COVID-19 infection, booster dose hesitancy, gender, age, marital status, cohabitants, education, student status, chronic conditions, COVID-19 history, friends/family diagnosed, self-rated health (global and post-vaccine), received official information, need for more information on the booster | ATT was found to be associated with COVID-19 booster intention. |
| Hagger and Hamilton (2022)20 | USA (region not reported) | All adults (Mean age: 52.14 ± 14.55) | 479 | ATT, SN, PBC | Political orientation, vaccine hesitancy, belief in free will, age, sex, education level, employment status, ethnicity, previous COVID-19 diagnosis, previous influenza vaccine | ATT, SN and PBC were found to be associated with COVID-19 booster intention. |
| Hwang et al. (2024)21 | Malaysia | All adults (Age 18, mean age not reported) | 1,914 | ATT, SN | Age, income, gender, education, employment status, marital status, previous COVID-19 infection, region, satisfaction, perceived usefulness, perceived barriers, perceived benefits, cues to action | ATT and SN were found to be associated with COVID-19 booster intention. |
| Liu et al. (2024)22 | USA (midwestern region) | Young adults (College students with a mean age of 20.27 ± 2.75) | 419 | ATT, SN, PBC | Age, sex, race, ethnicity, chronic conditions, smoking, financial status, parent education, health insurance, vaccination history | ATT and SN were found to be associated with COVID-19 booster intention. |
| Lounis et al. (2022)23 | Algeria | All adults (Age 18, mean age not reported) | 787 | ATT | Sex, age, education, profession, chronic illness, previous COVID-19 infection, post-vaccination relief, regret | ATT was found to be associated with COVID-19 booster intention. |
| Maria et al. (2022)24 | Indonesia | All adults (Age 18, mean age not reported) | 1,684 | ATT, SN, PBC | Education, income, comorbidity, previous COVID-19 infection, perceived barriers, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived susceptibility, anticipated regret, self-efficacy | ATT and SN were found to be associated with COVID-19 booster intention. |
| Orellana et al. (2023)25 | Bolivia | All adults (Mean age: 26.61 ± 13.11) | 720 | ATT, SN | Vaccine origin, completed minimum required doses, received third dose, information sources (government authorities, scientific), confidence in COVID-19 vaccines, confidence in previous vaccines, time since last dose, biosafety norms | ATT and SN were found to be associated with COVID-19 booster intention. |
| Sugawara et al. (2021)26 | Japan | Young adults (Medical students with a mean age of 21.1 ± 2.5) | 496 | ATT | Age, sex, grade, allergy history (food, medication, animals, pollen, dust mites, unknown), anaphylaxis, asthma, atopic dermatitis | ATT was found to be associated with COVID-19 booster intention. |
| Wang et al. (2022)27 | China (Hong Kong) | Older adults (Age 65) | 395 | ATT, SN | Education, pneumococcal vaccination history, uncertainty, materials addressing COVID-19 booster concerns, materials helpful for booster decision | Neither ATT nor SN was found to be associated with COVID-19 booster intention. |
| Wang et al. (2023)28 | China (Nanjing) | Older adults (Age 60) | 214 | ATT, SN | Perceived severity, perceived vulnerability, response efficacy, self-efficacy, response cost | SN was found to be associated with COVID-19 booster intention. |
| Wong et al. (2022)29 | Malaysia | All adults (Mean age: 32.1 ± 11.3) |
1,010 | ATT | Age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, occupation, income, living area, chronic condition, COVID-19 history, past COVID-19 vaccination side effects, pandemic fatigue, adherence to recommended COVID-19 measures | ATT was found to be associated with COVID-19 booster intention. |
| Xiang et al. (2023)30 | China (Macao) | All adults (Age 18, mean age not reported) | 469 | ATT | Psychological reactance, perceived threat to freedom, message frame, freedom restoration postscript, other-referencing cue, age, education, income | ATT was found to be associated with COVID-19 booster intention. |
| Zhou et al. (2022)31 | China (Nanjing) | Adult parents (Median age: 32, SD not reported) | 1,602 | ATT, SN, PBC | Belief in problem severity, perceived risk of disease, assessment of protection behavior effectiveness, self-efficacy in implementing behavior, and estimated cost of action | ATT, SN and PBC were found to be associated with COVID-19 booster intention. |
Abbreviations: ATT (attitudes), SN (subjective norms), PBC (perceived behavioral control), COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019).