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. 2024 Jul 22;9:132. doi: 10.1038/s41541-024-00924-x

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a–c Total serum IgG levels against recombinant SARS-CoV RBD, MERS-CoV RBD, and SARS-COV XBB1.5 RBD. Each panel’s X-axis represents the different experimental groups. Mice (n = 12/group) were immunized twice, 3 weeks apart, with the specified CoV RBDs formulated with Alum + CpG55.2. Serum samples were collected 14 days after the second vaccination and assessed in an ELISA against immobilized, recombinant RBD protein specified in the header of each panel. The Y-axis displays the area under the curve (AUC), derived from the ELISA data of a serum titration curve. Data presenting individual samples alongside geometric means with 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance for each group against the matching monovalent vaccine group was determined by non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis multiple comparison test p > 0.123 (ns), p < 0.032 (*), p < 0.0021(**), p < 0.0001(****). d–f ELISA AUC of antibody isotypes IgG1 and IgG2a. Sera were pooled for each group, and the data presented is the average of duplicate independent serum dilution series.