| Type of surgery | Reason |
|---|---|
| Coronary revascularisation (PTCA, CABG) | Angina, reversible ischaemia, hibernating myocardium |
| Valve replacement (or repair) | Significant valve disease (aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation) |
| Permanent pacemakers and implantable cardiodefibrillators | Bradycardias; resistant ventricular arrhythmias |
| Cardiac transplantation | End stage heart failure |
| Ventricular assist devices | Short term ventricular support—eg awaiting transplantation |
| Novel surgical techniques | Limited role (high mortality, limited evidence of substantial benefit) |
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