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. 2024 Jul 15;16(7):3055–3068. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i7.3055

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©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

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Flowchart of Mendelian randomization analyses in this study. Step 1: The causal effects of gestational duration, gestational age, and birth weight on gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett’s esophagus (BE), esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA); Step 2: The causal effects of birth weight on eight risk factors; Step 3: The causal effects of eight risk factors on GERD, BE, EA; Step 4: The causal effects of eight risk factors on GERD, BE, EA after adjusting birth weight. BE: Barrett’s esophagus; EA: Esophageal adenocarcinoma; EGG: Early Growth Genetics; GWAS: Genome-wide association study; IVs: Instrumental variables; IVW: Inverse variance weighted; MR-PRESSO: MR-Pleiotropy RESidual sum and outlier; UVMR: Univariable Mendelian randomization; SNPs: Single nucleotide polymorphisms; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; MVMR: Multivariable Mendelian randomization; LD: Linkage disequilibrium.