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. 2024 Jul 15;16(7):3055–3068. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i7.3055

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©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

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Univariable Mendelian randomization analysis. A: Univariable Mendelian randomization analysis of gestational age-related genetic characteristics, birth weight and causality of esophageal disease; B: Univariable Mendelian randomization analysis of causal effects of genetic birth weight on risk factors. ^aP < 0.05. BE: Barrett’s esophagus; CI: Confidence interval; EA: Esophageal adenocarcinoma; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; nSNPs: Number of single nucleotide polymorphisms; OR: Odds ratio.