Table 1.
The altered functional subunits in degenerative joint diseases.
| Subunit name | Gene origin | Cofactors | Influencing factors | Modulated cells | Possible functions | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Complex I | ||||||
| NDUFB8 | Nuclear | NA | Aging, Osteoarthritis |
Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, Chondrocytes | Promote osteogenic differentiation, Slow the progression of osteoarthritis |
[85, 88, 104] |
| NDUFA13 | Nuclear | NA | Aging | Osteoblasts | Promote osteogenic differentiation | [88] |
| NDUFS4 | Nuclear | NA | Aging | Osteoclasts | Promote the activation of pro-inflammatory macrophages, Inhibit osteoclasts | [99] |
| NDUFC1 | Nuclear | NA | Notch signaling | Osteoblasts | Promote osteogenic differentiation | [94] |
| Complex II | ||||||
| SDHA | Nuclear | FAD | Aging | Osteoblasts | NA | [88] |
| SDHB | Nuclear | 2Fe-2S, 4Fe-4S, 3Fe-4S clusters | Aging | Chondrocytes | Slow the progression of osteoarthritis | [104] |
| Complex III | ||||||
| UQCRC1 | Nuclear | NA | Microgravity, Aging | Osteoblasts, Chondrocytes | Promote osteogenic differentiation, Slow the progression of osteoarthritis |
[103, 109] |
| UQCRC2 | Nuclear | NA | Osteoarthritis | Chondrocytes | NA | [104] |
| Complex IV | ||||||
| COX1 | Mitochondrial | CuB, Mg2+, Haem a/a3 | Aging | Osteoblasts | Maintenance of osteogenic differentiation | [127] |
| COX2 | Mitochondrial | CuA | Aging | Osteoblasts | Maintenance of osteogenic differentiation | [127] |
| COX4I2 | Nuclear | NA | SIRT3 signaling | Chondrocytes | Maintenance of cartilage integrity | [133] |
| Complex V | ||||||
| ATP5A | Nuclear | NA | Osteoarthritis | Chondrocytes | NA | [104] |