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. 2024 Aug 1;15(4):1688–1725. doi: 10.14336/AD.2023.0814

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Current tools commonly used to interrogate BIR. We highlight data that utilizes the following tools to investigate BIR: pre-clinical rodent models, human post-mortem in situ insulin stimulation, in vivo neuroimaging especially following insulin stimulation, biomarkers including CNS-derived exosomes, and cognitive response to insulin treatment. Figure created using Biorender.