Skip to main content
. 2024 Jul 11;26:e57842. doi: 10.2196/57842

Table 3.

Differences of characteristics based on the scores of eHEALSa, DHLIb, and its subscales.

Characteristic eHEALS Information searching Adding self-generated information Evaluation reliability

Low (n=2228), n (%) High (n=3772), n (%) P valuec Low (n=1613), n (%) High (n=4387), n (%) P valuec Low (n=2702), n (%) High (n=3298), n (%) P valuec Low (n=2475), n (%) High (n=3525), n (%) P valuec
Gender .24
.47
.04
<.001

Men 1136 (50.99) 1864 (49.42)
794 (49.23) 2206 (50.28)
1311 (48.52) 1689 (51.21)
1135 (45.86) 1865 (52.91)

Women 1092 (49.01) 1908 (50.58)
819 (50.77) 2181 (49.72)
1391 (51.48) 1609 (48.79)
1340 (54.14) 1660 (47.09)
Age groups (y) <.001
.83
.17
<.001

20-29 421 (18.9) 579 (15.35)
272 (16.86) 728 (16.59)
420 (15.54) 580 (17.59)
362 (14.63) 638 (18.1)

30-39 376 (16.88) 624 (16.54)
268 (16.62) 732 (16.69)
453 (16.77) 547 (16.59)
389 (15.72) 611 (17.33)

40-49 374 (16.79) 626 (16.6)
271 (16.8) 729 (16.62)
480 (17.76) 520 (15.77)
405 (16.36) 595 (16.88)

50-59 387 (17.37) 613 (16.25)
256 (15.87) 744 (16.96)
442 (16.36) 558 (16.92)
424 (17.13) 576 (16.34)

60-69 355 (15.93) 645 (17.1)
263 (16.31) 737 (16.8)
456 (16.88) 544 (16.49)
422 (17.05) 578 (16.4)

≥70 315 (14.14) 685 (18.16)
283 (17.54) 717 (16.34)
451 (16.69) 549 (16.65)
473 (19.11) 527 (14.95)
Equivalent income (million Yen; Y en 1=US $ 0.0088) <.001
<.001
<.001
<.001

<1 177 (7.94) 236 (6.26)
131 (8.12) 282 (6.43)
202 (7.48) 211 (6.4)
182 (7.35) 231 (6.55)

1-<2 375 (16.83) 503 (13.34)
279 (17.3) 599 (13.65)
468 (17.32) 410 (12.43)
433 (17.49) 445 (12.62)

2-<3 394 (17.68) 578 (15.32)
270 (16.74) 702 (16)
468 (17.32) 504 (15.28)
439 (17.74) 533 (15.12)

3-<4 437 (19.61) 762 (20.2)
320 (19.84) 879 (20.04)
537 (19.87) 662 (20.07)
491 (19.84) 708 (20.09)

4-<5 300 (13.46) 552 (14.63)
208 (12.9) 644 (14.68)
366 (13.55) 486 (14.74)
336 (13.58) 516 (14.64)

5-<6 166 (7.45) 320 (8.48)
110 (6.82) 376 (8.57)
189 (6.99) 297 (9.01)
177 (7.15) 309 (8.77)

6-<7 130 (5.83) 300 (7.95)
93 (5.77) 337 (7.68)
141 (5.22) 289 (8.76)
145 (5.86) 285 (8.09)

7-<8 45 (2.02) 120 (3.18)
33 (2.05) 132 (3.01)
58 (2.15) 107 (3.24)
48 (1.94) 117 (3.32)

8-<9 24 (1.08) 46 (1.22)
15 (0.93) 55 (1.25)
28 (1.04) 42 (1.27)
18 (0.73) 52 (1.48)

9-<10 24 (1.08) 48 (1.27)
14 (0.87) 58 (1.32)
16 (0.59) 56 (1.7)
14 (0.57) 58 (1.65)

≥10 17 (0.76) 90 (2.39)
12 (0.74) 95 (2.17)
27 (1) 80 (2.43)
18 (0.73) 89 (2.52)

Not answered 139 (6.24) 217 (5.75)
128 (7.94) 228 (5.2)
202 (7.48) 154 (4.67)
174 (7.03) 182 (5.16)
Education status <.001
.001
<.001
<.001

≤High school 725 (32.54) 1043 (27.65)
528 (32.73) 1240 (28.27)
879 (32.53) 889 (26.96)
852 (34.42) 916 (25.99)

2-year college or career college 443 (19.88) 855 (22.67)
321 (19.9) 977 (22.27)
590 (21.84) 708 (21.47)
521 (21.05) 777 (22.04)

≥University 1053 (47.26) 1854 (49.15)
752 (46.62) 2155 (49.12)
1216 (45) 1691 (51.27)
1087 (43.92) 1820 (51.63)

Not answered 7 (0.31) 20 (0.53)
12 (0.74) 15 (0.34)
17 (0.63) 10 (0.3)
15 (0.61) 12 (0.34)
Marital status .007
.002
.03
.14

No 1049 (47.08) 1634 (43.32)
774 (47.99) 1909 (43.51)
1253 (46.37) 1430 (43.36)
1094 (44.2) 1589 (45.08)

Yes 1170 (52.51) 2110 (55.94)
825 (51.15) 2455 (55.96)
1429 (52.89) 1851 (56.12)
1360 (54.95) 1920 (54.47)

Not answered 9 (0.4) 28 (0.74)
14 (0.87) 23 (0.52)
20 (0.74) 17 (0.52)
21 (0.85) 16 (0.45)
Cigarette smoking .63
.13
<.001
<.001

No 1862 (83.57) 3170 (84.04)
1372 (85.06) 3660 (83.43)
2329 (86.2) 2703 (81.96)
2129 (86.02) 2903 (82.35)

Yes 366 (16.43) 602 (15.96)
241 (14.94) 727 (16.57)
373 (13.8) 595 (18.04)
346 (13.98) 622 (17.65)
Alcohol consumption .02
<.001
<.001
<.001

No 911 (40.89) 1402 (37.17)
680 (42.16) 1633 (37.22)
1117 (41.34) 1196 (36.26)
1031 (41.66) 1282 (36.37)

<20 g/once 731 (32.81) 1322 (35.05)
555 (34.41) 1498 (34.15)
935 (34.6) 1118 (33.9)
856 (34.59) 1197 (33.96)

≥20 g/once 586 (26.3) 1048 (27.78)
378 (23.43) 1256 (28.63)
650 (24.06) 984 (29.84)
588 (23.76) 1046 (29.67)
Physical exercise habit <.001
<.001
<.001
<.001

No 1683 (75.54) 2350 (62.3)
1157 (71.73) 2876 (65.56)
1957 (72.43) 2076 (62.95)
1781 (71.96) 2252 (63.89)

Yes 545 (24.46) 1422 (37.7)
456 (28.27) 1511 (34.44)
745 (27.57) 1222 (37.05)
694 (28.04) 1273 (36.11)
Conditions leading to severe COVID-19 illness .004
.004
.24
.16

No 1745 (78.32) 2874 (76.19)
1200 (74.4) 3419 (77.93)
2061 (76.28) 2558 (77.56)
1883 (76.08) 2736 (77.62)

Yes 483 (21.68) 898 (23.81)
413 (25.6) 968 (22.07)
641 (23.72) 740 (22.44)
592 (23.92) 789 (22.38)

aeHEALS: eHealth Literacy Scale.

bDHLI: Digital Health Literacy Instrument.

cThe chi-square test.