Table 2.

The construction of outcome measurements.

Construction	Outcomes
Cognitive function	MMSEa, verbal fluency tests, Logical Memory I and II, and verbal paired associates I and II
Frailty	Kihon checklist
Loneliness	UCLA-LS 10b
Well-being	WHO-5c
Health-related quality of life	HUI3d
Divergent thinking	S-A creativity test

^aMMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination.

^bUCLA-LS 10: The University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale-10 item version.

^cWHO-5: 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index.

^dHUI3: Health Utilities Index Mark 3.