Table 3. Associations between demographic, clinical and social cognitive theory constructs with satisfactory self-management.
| Variable | Characteristic | Odds ratio | 95% CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Female | 1.007 | 0.613–1.655 | 0.979 |
| Age (in years) | Every additional year | 1.000 | 0.986–1.014 | |
| Marital status | Never married | Reference | ||
| Married | 3.100 | 0.682–14.103 | 0.143 | |
| Divorced | 3.36 | 0.656–17.212 | 0.146 | |
| Widowed | 2.530 | 0.538–11.900 | 0.24 | |
| Separated | 10 | 1.260–79.339 | 0.029 | |
| Education | Never been to school | Reference | ||
| Primary school | 1.728 | 0.861–3.470 | 0.124 | |
| Secondary school | 1.892 | 0.925–3.869 | 0.081 | |
| Tertiary education | 0.877 | 0.270–2.848 | 0.827 | |
| Occupation | Employed | Reference | ||
| Farming | 0.555 | 0.253–1.216 | 0.141 | |
| Small scale business | 0.707 | 0.279–1.794 | 0.466 | |
| Unemployed | 0.539 | 0.283–1.024 | 0.059 | |
| Retired | 0.705 | 0.363–1.371 | 0.303 | |
| BMI | Underweight | 0.822 | 0.305– 2.210 | 0.697 |
| Normal | Reference | |||
| Overweight | 1.367 | 0.844–2.213 | 0.204 | |
| Obese | 1.283 | 0.786–2.094 | 0.319 | |
| Systolic BP | every additional unit | 1.002 | 0.994–1.011 | 0.556 |
| Diastolic BP | every additional unit | 0.999 | 0.985– 1.014 | 0.932 |
| FBG | every additional unit | 0.999 | 0.999– 1.001 | 0.271 |
| Creatinine | Every additional unit | 1.362 | 0.895– 2.073 | 0.149 |
| Duration | 5 years or less | Reference | ||
| 6–10 year | 1.034 | 0.657–1.627 | 0.886 | |
| 11–15 years | 1.387 | 0.764–2.515 | 0.282 | |
| More than 15 years | 1.0344 | 0.520–2.059 | 0.923 | |
| Diabetes type | Type 1 | Reference | ||
| Type 2 | 0.796 | 0.447–1.418 | 0.439 | |
| Unknown | 1.111 | 0.280– 4.399 | 0.881 | |
| Diabetes treatment | Insulin only | Reference | ||
| Oral agents | 0.925 | 0.571–1.501 | 0.754 | |
| Insulin and oral
agents |
0.839 | 0.410– 1.715 | 0.63 | |
| Diet and exercise
only |
omitted | |||
| Complications | None | Reference | ||
| One | 0.968 | 0.648–1.447 | 0.875 | |
| Two or more | 0.694 | 0.380–1.265 | 0.233 | |
| Comorbidities | None | Reference | ||
| One | 0.969 | 0.654–1.437 | 0.876 | |
| Two or more | 0.285 | 0.081–0.998 | 0.05 | |
| HIV status | Negative | Reference | ||
| Positive | 1.303 | 0.783–2.167 | 0.309 | |
| Unknown | 1 | 0.440–2.273 | 1 | |
| Knowledge | Every additional
score |
0.960 | 0.894–1.030 | 0.416 |
| Self-efficacy | Every additional
score |
1.499 | 1.288–1.744 | 0.0001 |
| Outcome expectations | Every additional
score |
1.386 | 0.954– 2.013 | 0.087 |
| Social support | Every additional
score |
1.276 | 1.031– 1.579 | 0.025 |
| Total barrier score | Every additional
score |
0.536 | 0.321–0.893 | 0.017 |
CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose.