. 2023 Feb 10;24(2):60. doi: 10.31083/j.rcm2402060

Table 1.

Characteristics of the studies.

Author and year	Country of origin	Modality	Sample (%women)	Age (years)	Ethnicity/race	Trainability status	Body mass (kg)	BMI (kg/ ${}^{2}$ )	BP level classification
Almeida et al. (2021) [8]	Brazil	Handgrip	14.0 (79.0%)	24.5 $\pm$ 3.7	NR	Sedentary	NR	22.8 $\pm$ 2.2	Normotensive
			14.0 (50.0%)	26.6 $\pm$ 5.6				24.2 $\pm$ 3.7
Aoki et al. (1983) [31]	Japan	Handgrip	18.0 (0.0%)	38.7 $\pm$ 3.2	Japanese	NR	64.1 $\pm$ 5.7	NR	Normotensive
			50.0 (0.0%)	40.5 $\pm$ 4.0			61.6 $\pm$ 7.1		Hypertensive
Auerbach et al. (2000) [32]	Israel	Whole-body isometric exercise	18.0 (0.0%)	51.1 $\pm$ 4.0	NR	NR	80.5 $\pm$ 11.0	NR	Normotensive
Bakke et al. (2007) [33]	Norway	Handgrip	11.0 (64.0%)	24.2 $\pm$ 5.1	NR	NR	66.6 $\pm$ 10.0	23.3 $\pm$ 2.0	Normotensive
			11.0 (36.0%)	62.7 $\pm$ 3.3			77.4 $\pm$ 9.9	25.0 $\pm$ 2.2
Bakke et al. (2009) [34]	Norway	Handgrip	9.0 (33.0%)	23.6 $\pm$ 2.1	NR	NR	68.0 $\pm$ 10.2	22.5 $\pm$ 1.8	Normotensive
Balmain et al. (2016) [35]	Australia	Handgrip	19.0 (0.0%)	23.0 $\pm$ 2.0	NR	NR	70.9 $\pm$ 5.0	NR	Normotensive
Ben-Ari et al. (1992) [36]	Israel	Two-hand pulling	25.0 (0.0%)	47.0 $\pm$ 4.0	NR	Untrained	NR	NR	Normotensive
Bentley and Thomas (2018) [37]	Canada	Handgrip	20.0 (100.0%)	57.7 $\pm$ 5.2	NR	Moderately active	NR	26.9 $\pm$ 3.7	Normotensive
Borghi et al. (1988) [38]	Italy	Handgrip	16.0 (37.5%)	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Normotensive
Bosisio et al. (1980) [39]	Italy	Handgrip	8.0 (0.0%)	NR	NR	Trained (non-athlete)	NR	NR	Normotensive
Cottone et al. (1998) [40]	Italy	Handgrip	12.0 (42.0%)	38.0 $\pm$ 6.0	NR	NR	NR	25.7 $\pm$ 1.7	Normotensive
			15.0 (47.0%)	43.0 $\pm$ 3.0				26.0 $\pm$ 3.9	Hypertensive
Davies and Starkie (1985) [41]	England	Elbow flexion	11.0 (0.0%)	21.5 $\pm$ 7.3	NR	NR	NR	NR	Normotensive
		Plantar flexion
Da Silva et al. (2013) [20]	Brazil	Leg press (45°)	AI: 8.0 (0.0%)	30.6 $\pm$ 6.2	NR	Physically active	74.4 $\pm$ 8.6	24.7 $\pm$ 2.6	Normotensive
			MI: 8.0 (0.0%)	31.6 $\pm$ 6.6			72.3 $\pm$ 13.9	24.2 $\pm$ 2.7
			BI: 8.0 (0.0%)	27.5 $\pm$ 4.6			74.2 $\pm$ 15.8	25.5 $\pm$ 3.1
Dias and Polito (2015) [42]	Brazil	Squat	19.0 (53.0%)	26.8 $\pm$ 7.3	NR	Sedentary	72.3 $\pm$ 14.9	24.7 $\pm$ 3.4	Normotensive
Ehsani et al. (1981) [43]	United States	Handgrip	14.0 (14.0%)	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Normotensive
Ehsani et al. (1982) [44]	United States	Handgrip	12.0 (8.0%)	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Normotensive
Ferguson and Brown (1997) [45]	England	Handgrip	5.0 (0.0%)	22.0 $\pm$ 1.8	NR	Athlete	NR	NR	NR
			10.0 (0.0%)	20.0 $\pm$ 4.7		Sedentary
Fu et al. (1981) [46]	Japan	Handgrip	20.0 (NR)	54.9 $\pm$ 6.3	NR	NR	NR	NR	Normotensive
			35.0 (34.0%)	56.3 $\pm$ 9.5					Hypertensive
Fu et al. (2002) [47]	United States	Handgrip	5.0 (0.0%)	41.0 $\pm$ 2.2	NR	NR	84.0 $\pm$ 13.4	NR	Normotensive
Fujisawa et al. (1996) [48]	Japan	One-knee extension	7.0 (0.0%)	24.0 $\pm$ 3.0	NR	NR	63.9 $\pm$ 17.3	NR	Normotensive
Gois et al. (2020) [49]	Brazil	Handgrip	15.0 (NR)	53.0 $\pm$ 5.0	NR	Insufficiently active	75.0 $\pm$ 15.0	25.0 $\pm$ 3.0	Normotensive
Goldstein and Shapiro (1988) [50]	United States	Handgrip	20.0 (0.0%)	20.4 $\pm$ 3.2	NR	NR	NR	NR	Normotensive
Goldstraw and Warren (1985) [51]	England	Handgrip	12.0 (NR)	30.0 $\pm$ NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
			12.0 (NR)	73.0 $\pm$ NR
Goulopoulou et al. (2010) [52]	United States	Handgrip	23.0 (43.5%)	22.0 $\pm$ 1.4	NR	Physically active	76.9 $\pm$ 17.7	26.0 $\pm$ 4.8	Normotensive
Graafsma et al. (1989) [53]	Netherlands	Handgrip	10.0 (50.0%)	42.6 $\pm$ 9.1	NR	NR	NR	23.3 $\pm$ 2.9	Normotensive
			13.0 (46.0%)	39.1 $\pm$ 10.4				24.1 $\pm$ 3.0	Hypertensive
Greaney et al. (2013) [18]	United States	Handgrip	10.0 (0.0%)	24.0 $\pm$ 3.2	NR	NR	75.0 $\pm$ 9.5	23.2 $\pm$ 1.9	Normotensive
			9.0 (0.0%)	59.0 $\pm$ 6.0			87.0 $\pm$ 6.0	28.5 $\pm$ 3.9
Greaney et al. (2014) [54]	United States	Handgrip	11.0 (45.5%)	23.0 $\pm$ 3.3	NR	Physically active	71.0 $\pm$ 10.0	23.0 $\pm$ 2.7	Normotensive
			12.0 (41.7%)	60.0 $\pm$ 6.9			81.0 $\pm$ 13.9	26.2 $\pm$ 2.4
Greaney et al. (2015) [55]	United States	Handgrip	23.0 (NR)	60.0 $\pm$ 4.8	NR	NR	NR	26.7 $\pm$ 3.8	Normotensive
			15.0 (NR)	63.0 $\pm$ 3.9				27.6 $\pm$ 2.7	Hypertensive
Grossman et al. (1989) [56]	United States	Handgrip	18.0 (33.0%)	53.0 $\pm$ 12.0	NR	NR	NR	NR	Hypertensive
Hallman et al. (2011) [57]	Sweden	Handgrip	21.0 (90.5%)	40.8 $\pm$ 7.0	NR	NR	NR	24.3 $\pm$ 3.7	Normotensive
Heffernan et al. (2005) [58]	United States	Handgrip	10.0 (50.0%)	27.5 $\pm$ 8.5	NR	Sedentary/moderately active	75.3 $\pm$ 14.6	26.6 $\pm$ 3.5	Normotensive
Heng et al. (1988) [59]	United States	Handgrip	12.0 (0.0%)	29.0 $\pm$ 5.0	NR	NR	67.0 $\pm$ 5.0	NR	Normotensive
Hickey et al. (1993) [60]	United States	Two-knee extension	8.0 (0.0%)	24.0 $\pm$ 0.5	NR	Trained	77.6 $\pm$ 3.4	NR	Normotensive
Hirasawa et al. (2016) [61]	Japan	One-knee extension	12.0 (67.0%)	21.0 $\pm$ 2.0	NR	NR	58.0 $\pm$ 8.0	NR	Normotensive
Huikuri et al. (1986) [62]	Finland	Handgrip	13.0 (54.0%)	25.0 $\pm$ 6.0	NR	NR	NR	NR	Normotensive
Ichinose et al. (2006) [63]	Japan	Handgrip	13.0 (23.0%)	23.0 $\pm$ 3.6	NR	NR	62.4 $\pm$ 11.2	NR	Normotensive
Iellamo et al. (1993) [64]	Italy	Handgrip	10.0 (0.0%)	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Normotensive
Iellamo et al. (1999) [65]	Italy	One-knee extension	11.0 (0.0%)	26.0 $\pm$ 2.4	NR	Untrained	NR	NR	Normotensive
Incognito et al. (2018) [66]	Canada	Handgrip	29.0 (0.0%)	24.0 $\pm$ 5.0	NR	NR	NR	24.0 $\pm$ 3.0	Normotensive
Kadetoff and Kosek (2007) [67]	Sweden	One-knee extension	17.0 (100.0%)	37.4 $\pm$ NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Normotensive
Kadetoff and Kosek (2010) [68]	Sweden	Two-knee extension	16.0 (100.0%)	38.3 $\pm$ NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Normotensive
Kagaya and Homma (1997) [69]	Japan	Handgrip	7.0 (100.0%)	22.3 $\pm$ 2.9	NR	Physically active	54.4 $\pm$ 7.5	NR	Normotensive
Kahn et al. (1997) [70]	France	Handgrip	12.0 (0.0%)	23.6 $\pm$ 1.4	NR	NR	73.0 $\pm$ 9.4	NR	Normotensive
Kalfon et al. (2015) [71]	United States	Handgrip	16.0 (0.0%)	23.7 $\pm$ 6.8	NR	Sedentary	86.8 $\pm$ 14.8	29.3 $\pm$ 4.4	Normotensive
Kamiya et al. (2001) [72]	Japan	Handgrip	22.0 (0.0%)	22.0 $\pm$ 9.4	NR	NR	65.0 $\pm$ 9.4	NR	Normotensive
Koletsos et al. (2019) [73]	Greece	Handgrip	28.0 (42.9%)	43.8 $\pm$ 13.0	NR	Minimally and moderately active	NR	26.6 $\pm$ 4.1	Normotensive
			27.0 (40.7%)	47.5 $\pm$ 11.6		Minimally and moderately active		27.6 $\pm$ 4.7	Hypertensive (masked)
			31.0 (48.4%)	47.6 $\pm$ 7.0				26.8 $\pm$ 3.9	Hypertensive (true)
Kordi et al. (2012) [74]	Iran	Handgrip	20.0 (60.0%)	19.3 $\pm$ 2.0	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
Koutnik et al. (2014) [75]	United States	Handgrip	20.0 (0.0%)	22.1 $\pm$ 9.0	NR	Not regularly active	84.7 $\pm$ 14.0	27.1 $\pm$ 4.5	Normotensive
Kramer et al. (1983) [76]	Germany	Handgrip (unilateral e (bilateral))	4.0 (0.0%)	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
Lewis et al. (1985) [77]	United States	Handgrip	6.0 (0.0%)	27.0 $\pm$ 3.0	NR	NR	74.60 $\pm$ 8.7	NR	Normotensive
		Two-knee extension
Lindquist et al. (1973) [78]	United States	Handgrip	21.0 (0.0%)	32.0 $\pm$ NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Normotensive
Lykidis et al. (2008) [79]	England	Handgrip	9.0 (44.4%)	21.8 $\pm$ 6.7	NR	Physically active	NR	NR	NR
Maiorano et al. (1989) [80]	Italy	Handgrip	50.0 (0.0%)	19.3 $\pm$ 1.2	NR	Trained and	68.88 $\pm$ 11.0	22.92 $\pm$ 3.2	Normotensive
			50.0 (0.0%)	19.2 $\pm$ 1.2		untrained	68.66 $\pm$ 10.2	22.99 $\pm$ 3.8
Majahalme et al. (1997) [81]	Finland	Handgrip	28.0 (0.0%)	39.5 $\pm$ 4.2	NR	NR	81.7 $\pm$ 8.7	25.4 $\pm$ 2.6	Normotensive
			14.0 (0.0%)	40.7 $\pm$ 4.3			87.6 $\pm$ 10.6	26.9 $\pm$ 3.5	Hypertensive (borderline)
			24.0 (0.0%)	40.0 $\pm$ 3.9			81.9 $\pm$ 8.6	26.5 $\pm$ 2.6	Hypertensive (mild)
Mäkinen et al. (2008) [82]	Finland	Handgrip	10.0 (0.0%)	22.5 $\pm$ 1.6	NR	NR	72.4 $\pm$ 7.3	22.3 $\pm$ 1.6	Normotensive
Matthews et al. (2017) [83]	United States	Handgrip	16.0 (100.0%)	22.0 $\pm$ 3.0	NR	-	NR	22.0 $\pm$ 3.0	Normotensive
			16.0 (100.0%)	22.0 $\pm$ 2.0		-		22.0 $\pm$ 3.0
McCoy et al. (1991) [84]	United States	Handgrip	9.0 (0.0%)	NR	NR	NR	71.5 $\pm$ 6.6	NR	NR
McDermott et al. (1974) [85]	United States	Handgrip	10.0 (0.0%)	25.3 $\pm$ 4.1	NR	Untrained	78.4 $\pm$ 7.6	NR	Normotensive
			12.0 (0.0%)	46.8 $\pm$ 2.8			80.9 $\pm$ 12.5
Metelitsina et al. (2010) [86]	United States	Handgrip	19.0 (63.2%)	64.7 $\pm$ 8.3	White - 18 (94.7%)	NR	NR	NR	Normotensive/Hypertensive
Mizushige et al. (1997) [87]	Japan	Handgrip	14.0 (42.9%)	59.0 $\pm$ NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Normotensive
Momen et al. (2010) [88]	United States	Handgrip	11.0 (0.0%)	NR	NR	NR	NR	23.0 $\pm$ 1.0	Normotensive
			11.0 (100.0%)					22.0 $\pm$ 1.0
Mortensen et al. (2016) [89]	England	Elbow flexion (unilateral)	75.0 (49.3%)	38.8 $\pm$ 10.9	NR	NR	NR	25.1 $\pm$ 4.4	Normotensive
Muller et al. (2011) [90]	United States	Handgrip	10.0 (50.0%)	25.0 $\pm$ 3.2	NR	NR	73.0 $\pm$ 12.7	NR	Normotensive
Nagle et al. (1988) [91]	United States	Handgrip	10.0 (0.0%)	24.0 $\pm$ 3.0	NR	Untrained	71.0 $\pm$ 10.0	NR	Normotensive
		Two-knee extension
		Deadlift
Nakamura et al. (2005) [92]	Japan	Elbow flexion (unilateral)	8.0 (0.0%)	63.0 $\pm$ 3.7	NR	NR	NR	23.1 $\pm$ 1.4	Normotensive/Hypertensive
Notay et al. (2018) [93]	Canada	Handgrip	200.0 (54.5%)	22.0 $\pm$ 3.0	Caucasian (non-Hispanic) = 192	Recreationally active	69.0 $\pm$ 13.0	23.0 $\pm$ 3.0	Normotensive
					Hispanic = 5
					Black = 3
Notay et al. (2018b) [94]	Canada	Handgrip	66.0 (0.0%)	22.0 $\pm$ 3.0	NR	Recreationally active	77.0 $\pm$ 13.0	24.0 $\pm$ 3.0	Normotensive
			66.0 (100.0%)	21.0 $\pm$ 2.0			63.0 $\pm$ 9.0	23.0 $\pm$ 3.0
Nyberg (1976) [95]	Australia	Handgrip	10.0 (0.0%)	30.6 $\pm$ NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Normotensive
			9.0 (100.0%)	30.4 $\pm$ NR					Hypertensive (untreated)
			9.0 (0.0%)	45.3 $\pm$ NR					Hypertensive (treated)
			12.0 (100.0%)	46.8 $\pm$ NR
			12.0 (0.0%)	46.9 $\pm$ NR
			5.0 (100.0%)	48.4 $\pm$ NR
Park et al. (2012) [96]	United States	Handgrip	12.0 (33.3%)	28.9 $\pm$ 4.9	Caucasia= 6	NR	62.8 $\pm$ 8.0	21.7 $\pm$ 1.7	Normotensive
			12.0 (41.7%)	32.3 $\pm$ 7.6	Hispanic= 3		82.9 $\pm$ 11.1	27.4 $\pm$ 1.4
					Asian= 3
					Caucasian= 7
					Hispanic = 4
					Asian= 1
Parmar et al. (2018) [23]	Canada	Handgrip	11.0 (0.0%)	24.0 $\pm$ 3.3	NR	Physically active	75.0 $\pm$ 6.6	23.7 $\pm$ 1.7	Normotensive
			9.0 (100.0%)	22.0 $\pm$ 3.0			61.0 $\pm$ 3.0	22.0 $\pm$ 1.5
			10.0 (100.0%)	22.0 $\pm$ 6.3			61.0 $\pm$ 12.7	22.3 $\pm$ 4.1
Pepin et al. (1996) [97]	United States	Handgrip	25.0 (64.0%)	34.3 $\pm$ 5.5	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
Petrosfsky and Laymon (2002) [98]	United States	Handgrip	20–30 years = 15.0 (NR)	NR	NR	Untrained	81.8 $\pm$ NR	NR	NR
Petrosfsky and Laymon (2002) [98]		Two-knee extension	31–40 years = 10.0 (NR)				83.4 $\pm$ NR
			41–50 years = 12.0 (NR)				83.5 $\pm$ NR
			51–65 years = 13.0 (NR)				85.1 $\pm$ NR
Piccolino et al. (2018) [99]	Italy	Handgrip	25.0 (8.0%)	43.2 $\pm$ 8.3	Caucasian	NR	NR	NR	Normotensive
Plotnikov et al. (2002) [100]	Russia	Handgrip	48.0 (100.0%)	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Normotensive
		Torso effort
Quarry and Spodick (1974) [101]	United States	Handgrip	10.0 (0.0%)	NR	NR	Physically active	NR	NR	Normotensive
Riendl et al. (1977) [102]	United States	Finger adduction	10.0 (0.0%)	25.1 $\pm$ 2.2	NR	Untrained	NR	NR	Normotensive
		Plantar flexion
Sagiv et al. (1985) [103]	United States	Handgrip	10.0 (0.0%)	52.0 $\pm$ 2.0	NR	NR	NR	NR	Normotensive
		Deadlift
Sagiv et al. (1988) [104]	Israel	Deadlift	10.0 (0.0%)	28.0 $\pm$ 3.0	NR	Physically active	82.0 $\pm$ 3.0	NR	Normotensive
			10.0 (0.0%)	67.0 $\pm$ 4.0			80.0 $\pm$ 2.0
Sagiv et al. (1988b) [105]	Israel	Deadlift	25.0 (0.0%)	27.4 $\pm$ 2.3	NR	Physically active	82.3 $\pm$ 10.9	NR	Normotensive
			25.0 (0.0%)	51.0 $\pm$ 3.2			79.5 $\pm$ 7.6
			25.0 (0.0%)	67.8 $\pm$ 3.8			80.0 $\pm$ 10.2
Sagiv et al. (1988c) [106]	Israel	Handgrip	10.0 (0.0%)	28.0 $\pm$ 3.0	NR	Physically active	81.7 $\pm$ 3.1	NR	Normotensive
		Deadlift	10.0 (0.0%)	67.0 $\pm$ 4.0			79.5 $\pm$ 2.4
Sagiv et al. (1995) [107]	United States	Handgrip	5.0 (0.0%)	33.0 $\pm$ 5.0	NR	Physically active	NR	NR	Normotensive
		Deadlift
Sagiv et al. (2008) [108]	Israel	Deadlift	15.0 (0.0%)	40.0 $\pm$ 13.0	NR	NR	80.5 $\pm$ 9.2	NR	Normotensive
Samora et al. (2019) [109]	Brazil	Handgrip	20.0 (0.0%)	21.0 $\pm$ 2.7	NR	Physically active	78.0 $\pm$ 9.8	24.9 $\pm$ 2.7	Normotensive
			20.0 (100.0%)	23.0 $\pm$ 2.7			61.4 $\pm$ 9.8	23.0 $\pm$ 2.7
Seals (1989) [110]	United States	Handgrip (unilateral and bilateral)	9.0 (33.0%)	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Normotensive
Seals et al. (1983) [111]	United States	Elbow extension	6.0 (0.0%)	NR	NR	Untrained and trained (untrained and trained members after a training period)	Untrained	NR	Normotensive
		One-knee extension					72.7 $\pm$ 13.1 Trained
							71.7 $\pm$ 13.9
Seals et al. (1985) [112]	United States	Handgrip	10.0 (40.0%)	62.0 $\pm$ 1.0	NR	Untrained and trained	Before: 74.0 $\pm$ 12.0 After: 73.0 $\pm$ 11.0	NR	Normotensive
Somani et al. (2018) [22]	Canada and England	Handgrip	26.0 (50.0%)	25.0 $\pm$ 4.0	NR	Recreationally active/non-active	72.0 $\pm$ 15.0	24.0 $\pm$ 4.0	Prehypertensive/Normotensive
	Canada and England	Two-knee extension	20.0 (50.0%)	22.0 $\pm$ 4.0	NR	Recreationally active/non-active	73.0 $\pm$ 14.0	25.0 $\pm$ 4.0	Prehypertensive/Normotensive
Stewart et al. (2007) [113]	United States	Handgrip	16.0 (56.3%)	24.5 $\pm$ NR	NR	NR	70.0 $\pm$ 14.0	24.0 $\pm$ 4.0	Normotensive
Tan et al. (2013) [114]	United States	Handgrip	11.0 (45.5%)	25.0 $\pm$ 3.0	NR	NR	NR	NR	Normotensive
Taylor et al. (2017) [115]	England	Wall squat	25.0 (0.0%)	44.6 $\pm$ 1.7	NR	Physically inactive	89.1 $\pm$ 2.4	NR	Prehypertensive
Turley (2005) [116]	United States	Handgrip	35.0 (0.0%)	20.2 $\pm$ 2.1	NR	Untrained	78.1 $\pm$ 10.1	24.6 $\pm$ 2.9	Normotensive
			35.0 (100.0%)	19.9 $\pm$ 1.8			62.8 $\pm$ 8.5	23.0 $\pm$ 2.6
Umeda et al. (2009) [117]	United States	Handgrip	23.0 (100.0%)	20.0 $\pm$ 2.0	NR	Physically active	NR	NR	Normotensive
Umeda et al. (2015) [118]	United States	Handgrip	14.0 (36.0%)	22.1 $\pm$ 2.9	African-Americans	Recreationally active	NR	26.02 $\pm$ 3.1	Normotensive
			14.0 (36.0%)	21.9 $\pm$ 3.0	White (non-Hispanic)			24.06 $\pm$ 3.4
Van Huysduynen et al. (2004) [119]	Netherlands	Handgrip	41.0 (0.0%)	32.6 $\pm$ 11.2	NR	Untrained/Trained	NR	NR	Normotensive
Vaz et al. (1993) [120]	India	Handgrip	8.0 (NR)	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Normotensive
Vianna et al. (2012) [121]	Brazil	Handgrip	8.0 (0.0%)	25.0 $\pm$ 2.0	NR	NR	78.0 $\pm$ 11.0	NR	Normotensive
Vitcenda et al. (1990) [122]	United States	Deadlift	16.0 (0.0%)	27.0 $\pm$ 6.0	NR	Untrained	75.0 $\pm$ 8.0	NR	NR
Weippert et al. (2013) [123]	Germany	Leg press	23.0 (0.0%)	25.5 $\pm$ 2.6	NR	Physically active	84.0 $\pm$ 7.7	24.3 $\pm$ 1.5	Normotensive
Wiles et al. (2018) [13]	England	Wall squat	26.0 (0.0%)	45.0 $\pm$ 8.0	NR	Physically inactive	89.7 $\pm$ 12.3	NR	Hypertensive
Williams (1991) [124]	United States	Handgrip	6.0 (0.0%)	26.0 $\pm$ 3.0	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
		Two-knee extension
Wright et al. (1999) [125]	United States	One-knee extension	15.0 (0.0%)	21.6 $\pm$ 1.2	African-American	NR	82.5 $\pm$ 19.8	NR	Normotensive
			15.0 (100.0%)	27.7 $\pm$ 6.2	Asian American		62.1 $\pm$ 7.4
			15.0 (0.0%)	27.8 $\pm$ 7.4	Caucasian American		69.0 $\pm$ 7.4
			15.0 (100.0%)	27.0 $\pm$ 6.2			54.7 $\pm$ 5.4
			15.0 (0.0%)	26.4 $\pm$ 7.0			83.2 $\pm$ 8.5
			15 (100%)	25.2 $\pm$ 6.6			60.0 $\pm$ 10.5
Yamaji et al. (1983) [19]	Japan	Elbow flexion	20.0 (0.0%)	20.4 $\pm$ 1.5	NR	NR/Trained	64.8 $\pm$ 8.2	NR	Normotensive
		One-knee extension

Note: Data presented as mean $\pm{}$ standard deviation. BMI, body mass index; NR, not reported.