. 2023 Feb 10;24(2):60. doi: 10.31083/j.rcm2402060

Table 4.

Effect of isometric handgrip exercise on blood pressure response according to the characteristics of the exercise protocols.

Subgroup		N	Mean difference	Standard error	Variance	95% CI	Z-value	p*	${}^{2}$	${}^{\textyen}$
SBP (mmHg)
Intensity
	$\leq$ 30%	76	+27.5	1.7	2.9	24.2–30.9	16.3	0.0	98.6	0.0
	$>$ 30 e $\leq$ 60%	44	+40.7	1.9	3.5	37.0–44.3	21.8	0.0	92.7	0.0
	$>$ 60%	7	+55.8	9.1	83.3	37.9–73.7	6.1	0.0	92.9	0.0
Duration
	$\leq$ 120	45	+35.5	2.6	6.8	30.4–40.7	13.6	0.0	96.6	0.0
	$>$ 120 e $\leq$ 180	48	+32.6	2.0	3.9	28.7–36.5	16.5	0.0	94.5	0.0
	$>$ 180	27	+33.6	3.1	9.3	27.6–39.6	11.0	0.0	99.4	0.0
DBP (mmHg)
Intensity
	$\leq$ 30%	69	+20.1	1.6	2.5	17.0–23.2	12.6	0.0	98.7	0.0
	$>$ 30 e $\leq$ 60%	39	+31.9	1.5	2.2	29.0–34.8	21.4	0.0	93.8	0.0
	$>$ 60%	4	+52.4	11.9	141.0	29.1–75.6	4.4	0.0	94.1	0.0
Duration
	$\leq$ 120	42	+24.5	1.4	1.9	21.8–27.2	17.9	0.0	94.2	0.0
	$>$ 120 e $\leq$ 180	42	+26.8	3.1	9.6	20.8–32.9	8.6	0.0	98.6	0.0
	$>$ 180	21	+24.5	2.5	6.1	19.6–29.3	9.9	0.0	99.1	0.0

Note: Analyses performed with the random effects model. N, number of studies and subgroups per study analyzed; Intensity, percentage of MVC or MR; Duration, contraction time in seconds; CI, confidence interval; ${}^{2}$ , heterogeneity of studies. *p concerns the main analysis (mean difference).^¥ p concerns the heterogeneity analysis ( ${}^{2}$ ).