Table 5.

Studies on the anti-inflammatory effect of metallothionein.

Metallothionein Type	Type of Inflammation	Effect	Reference
MT-1	Osteoarthritis	MT-1 inhibits inflammatory cytokine expression in synoviocytes	[80]
MT1	Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis	Attenuates steatosis, improves hepatic aspartate aminotransferase, and downregulates timp-1, coll1, ten-α, and mcp-1	[81]
MT1G	LPS induces inflammation in macrophages	Reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-1β	[78]
MT1 and MT2	Colitis	Modulation of intestinal inflammation in terms of intestinal tissue protection, epithelial integrity, immune system regulation, targeted digestion, metabolic function, and counteracting oxidative stress	[82]
MT	As3+-induced inflammatory responses	Inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway activation and reduction of inflammatory factor secretion	[83]
MT1	Neuroinflammation	Upregulation of MT1 expression may correlate with CuL5-mediated anti-inflammatory effect	[79]
MT3	Inflammation caused by activation of non-canonical inflammasome	MT3 expression increased Zn2+ levels, inhibited caspase-11 signaling through the TRIF-IRF3-STAT1 axis, and decreased activation of caspase-11 and its downstream targets, caspase-1 and IL-1β	[84]
MT	Inflammatory liver injury	May exert anti-inflammatory effects by scavenging excess ROS	[85]
MT-1	Ankylosing spondylitis activity	Elevated MT-1 levels are positively correlated with ankylosing spondylitis activity, inflammatory response, clinical indicators, and pro-inflammatory cytokines	[86]
MT	Inflammatory response during pre-eclampsia	Decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α	[87]
MT-2	Colitis	Up-regulation of MT-2 expression increases IκBα transcript levels and inhibits IκBα phosphorylation in macrophages of mice with colitis	[88]
MT1 and MT2	Alcoholic hepatitis	Increassed expression of Mt1 and Mt2 decreased the levels of lipid peroxides such as 4-hydroxynonenal and malondialdehyde and reduced the activation of stress kinases	[89]
MT-1 and MT-2	Rheumatoid arthritis	Inhibits osteoclasts and prevents osteoporosis and other damage caused by rheumatoid arthritis	[90]
MT1	Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis	Ethyl acetate fraction of Amomum villosum var. xanthioides enhances antioxidant capacity and improves oxidative status by increasing MT1 expression	[91]