ACACA	acetyl-CoA carboxylase-alpha
ACLY	ATP-citrate lyase
ACO1	aconitase 1—cytoplasmic
ACO2	aconitase 2—mitochondrial
AHCY	adenosylhomocysteinase
ALDH1L1	cytosolic 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase
ALDH1L2	mitochondrial 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
ATIC	5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase/IMP cyclohydrolase
ATF3	activating transcription factor 3
ATF4	activating transcription factor 4
AREs	antioxidant response elements
BAT	brown adipose tissue
BCAA	branched chain amino acid
BHByl	beta-hydroxybutyryl
BHBylated	beta-hydroxybutyrlated
BHBylation	beta-hydroxybutyrylation
CBP	CREB binding protein
CBS	cystathionine beta-synthase
C/EBPα	CCAAT enhancer-binding protein alpha
C/EBPδ	CCAAT enhancer-binding protein delta
CHREBP	carbohydrate response element-binding protein
CoA	coenzyme A
CoQ10	coenzyme Q10
CO2	carbon dioxide
CS	citrate synthase
CTH	cystathionine gamma-lyase
DHF	dihydrofolate
DHFR	dihydrofolate reductase
DOT1L	DOT1-like histone lysine methyltransferase
dTMP	deoxythymidine monophosphate
dUMP	deoxyuridine monophosphate
DUOX2	dual oxidase 2
DR	dietary restriction
ER	endoplasmic reticulum
ERAD	ER-associated degradation
ETC	electron transport chain
eWAT	epididymal white adipose tissue
FAD	flavin adenine dinucleotide—oxidized form
FADH2	flavin adenine dinucleotide—reduced form
FASN	fatty acid synthase
FGF21	fibroblast growth factor 21
10-formylTHF	10-formyltetrahydrofolate
FOS	Fos proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit
FOXA1	forkhead box A1
FOXA2	forkhead box A2
FOXA3	forkhead box A3
FOXO1	forkhead box O1
FOXO3	forkhead box O3
FOXO4	forkhead box O4
FOXO6	forkhead box O6
FSP1	ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 encoded by AIFM2 gene
FTO	fat mass and obesity-associated
GAPDH	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
GART	phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase, phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase, and phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase
GCLC	glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
GCS	glycine cleavage system
GLUD1	glutamate dehydrogenase 1
GNMT	glycine N-methyltransferase
GOT2	glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase 2—mitochondrial
GPX4	glutathione peroxidase 4
GSH	glutathione
GSR	glutathione disulfide reductase
GSS	glutathione synthetase
GSSG	glutathione disulfide
GYG1	glycogenin 1
HDAC1	histone deacetylase 1
HDAC2	histone deacetylase 2
HDAC3	histone deacetylase 3
HDAC6	histone deacetylase 6
HDAC8	histone deacetylase 8
HMGCR	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase
HSCARG	NADPH sensor encoded by the NMRAL1 gene
H2O2	hydrogen peroxide
IDH1	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1
IDH2	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2
IMM	inner mitochondrial membrane
ISR	integrated stress response
JAZF1	JAZF zinc finger 1
JUNB	JUNB proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit
KAT9	lysine acetyltransferase 9 encoded by the ELP3 gene
LDH	lactate dehydrogenase
LXRα	liver X receptor-alpha—encoded by NR1H3 gene
LXRβ	liver X receptor-beta—encoded by NR1H2 gene
MAFB	MAF bZIP transcription factor B
MAS	malate-aspartate shuttle
MAT1A	methionine adenosyltransferase 1A
MAT2A	methionine adenosyltransferase 2A
MAX	myc-associated factor x
MDH1	malate dehydrogenase 1—cytoplasmic
MDH2	malate dehydrogenase 2—mitochondrial
MESH1	metazoan SpoT homolog 1
5, 10-methenylTHF	5, 10 methenyltetrahydrofolate
5, 10-meTHF	5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate
5-meTHF	5-methyltetrahydrofolate
ME1	malic enzyme 1
ME3	malic enzyme 3
MLX	max dimerization protein
MPC	mitochondrial pyruvate carrier
MPTP	1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
MSCs	mesenchymal stem cells
MTHFD1	methylene tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1
MTHFD2	methylene tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 2
MTHFD2L	methylene tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 2-like
MTHFR	methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
mTORC1	mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1
MTR	5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (methionine synthase)
MUFAs	monounsaturated fatty acids
m6A	N6-methyladenosine
NAD+	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide—oxidized form
NADH	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide—reduced form
NADK	NAD+ kinase—cytoplasmic
NADK2	NAD+ kinase 2—mitochondrial
NADP+	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate– oxidized form
NADPH	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate– reduced form
NCOR1	nuclear receptor corepressor 1
NCOR2	nuclear receptor corepressor 2
NDUFA5	NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A5
NDUFS1	NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S1
NDUFS2	NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S2
NDUFS3	NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S3
NDUFV2	NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit V2
NFκB1	nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p50 DNA-binding subunit
NH3	ammonia
NMDMC	methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 2 (MTHFD2) mito. (Drosophila melanogaster)
NMT2	N-myristoyltransferase 2
NNT	nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase
NPCs	neural progenitor cells
Nrf1	NFE2L1
Nrf2	NFE2L2
PDHB	pyruvate dehydrogenase B subunit
PDK1	pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1
PDK4	pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4
PGC-1α	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α
PGC-1β	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1β
PHGDH	3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase
Pi	inorganic phosphate
Pink1	PTEN-induced kinase 1
PPAR-γ	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
PPP	pentose phosphate pathway
PRDM16	PR/SET domain 16
PRDX5	peroxiredoxin 5
PSAT1	phosphoserine aminotransferase 1
PSPH	phosphoserine phosphatase
PUFAs	polyunsaturated fatty acids
P2X7R	P2X purinoceptor 7 receptor
RBC	red blood cell
redox	oxidation–reduction
REL	REL proto-oncogene, NF-κB subunit
Rev-erbα	nuclear receptor Rev-erbA-alpha encoded by the NR1D1 gene
Rev-erbβ	nuclear receptor Rev-erbA-beta encoded by the NR1D2 gene
ROS	reactive oxygen species
rWAT	retroperitoneal white adipose tissue
SCAP	SREBP cleavage-activating protein
SCD1	stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1
SDS	serine dehydratase
SHMT1	serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1—cytoplasmic
SHMT2	serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2—mitochondrial
SIRT1	sirtuin 1
SIRT2	sirtuin 2
SIRT3	sirtuin 3
SLC25A1	mitochondrial citrate-isocitrate carrier
SLC25A11	mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate/malate carrier
SLC25A12	mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate carrier Aralar
SLC25A13	mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate carrier Citrin
SLC25A32	mitochondrial folate and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) carrier
SLC25A51	mitochondrial NAD+ carrier
SOD2	superoxide dismutase 2
SREBP1	sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1
SREBP-1c	sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c
SREBP2	sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2
SRSF1	serine and arginine-rich splicing factor 1
SRSF2	serine and arginine-rich splicing factor 2
SRSF7	serine and arginine-rich splicing factor 7
SRSF10	serine and arginine-rich splicing factor 10
sWAT	subcutaneous white adipose tissue
TALD	transaldolase
TFEB	transcription factor EB
THF	tetrahydrofolate
TPNOX	triphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidase
TKT	transketolase
TXNRD2	thioredoxin reductase 2—mitochondrial
TYMS	thymidylate synthase
UCP1	uncoupling protein 1
UCP2	uncoupling protein 2
UPRmt	mitochondrial unfolded protein response
WAT	white adipose tissue
XBP1	x-box binding protein 1