Table 2.

Comprehensive summary of experimental designs employed in the articles reviewed in the reproductive system section.

Article	Experimental Target System	Dosage		Exposure Time		Administration Route		Ameliorative Effects of Resveratrol
		Cd	RV	Cd	RV	Cd	RV
Mitra et al. (2016) [61] *	EGFR, Akt, NF-κB	1.25–2.5 mg/kg	10 mg/kg	3 times/wk	14 days	IP	Oral	↑ body weight; motile cells, live sperm cells ↓ morphologically abnormal cells, necrosis, germ cell derangement, and epithelium vacuolization; EGFR, p-AKT, AKT1/2/3, NF-κβ (p50), COX-2
Ferlazzo et al. (2021) [75] *	ROS, inflammation, apoptosis	2 mg/kg	20 mg/kg	Daily	14 days	IP	Oral	↑ body weight; testes weight; Bcl-2 ↓ edema in extratubular compartment; TUNEL-positive cells in seminiferous tubules; expression of TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA; Bax
Mitra et al. (2022) [69] *	AKT and GCNIS markers	0.25–0.5 mg/kg	20 mg/kg	2 times/wk	16 weeks	IP	Oral	↑ body weight; testes weight, sperm motility, viability, and morphology; GSH ↓ Akt, p-Akt, NF-kB, Cox-2; MDA, GSH ratio; expression of GCNIS markers
Eleawa et al. (2014) [79] *	Bcl-2, p53, Bax	1 mg/kg	20 mg/kg	Single	15 days	IP	Oral	↑ sperm parameters (count, motility, daily production); hormonal levels (FSH, LH, testosterone); diameter of seminiferous tubules; increased SOD activity, Bcl-2 mRNA expression ↓ testicular degeneration and necrosis, p53 and Bax mRNA expression
Piras et al. (2022) [95] §	Maturation process and fertilization	2 μM	1–2 μM	-	-	NA	NA	↑ oocyte maturation and fertilization rates; SIRT1, SOD1, GPX1; ↓ polyspermic fertilization; mitochondrial activity; ROS
Wang et al. (2021) [113] *	DNMT3 and PI3K/Akt	4.5 mg/kg	300 mg/kg	Single	18 days	IP	Oral	↑ fetal weight and growth; placental diameter; estradiol secretion ↓ apoptosis and inflammatory response in placental cells; DNMT activity and expression; Akt signaling pathway; endoplasmic reticulum stress

*: in vivo; ^§: in vitro; NA: not applicable; IP: intraperitoneal; GCNIS: germ cell neoplasia in situ; ↑: increase; ↓: decrease/inhibition.