Table 3.
Comprehensive summary of experimental designs employed in the articles reviewed in the kidney and liver section.
| Article | Experimental Target System | Dosage | Exposure Time | Administration Route | Ameliorative Effects of Resveratrol | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cd | RV | Cd | RV | Cd | RV | |||
| Cirmi et al. (2021) [17] * | ROS, inflammation, apoptosis | 2 mg/kg | 20 mg/kg | Daily | 14 days | IP | Oral | ↑ GSH and GPx levels; Bcl2 expression; SIRT1 ↓ apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation; urea nitrogen and creatinine levels; tp53, Bax, DNMT3B, DNMT3L, Nos2, and Il1b gene expression; Akt signaling pathway |
| Hu et al. (2017) [119] * | Oxidative stress, inflammation | 5 mg/kg | 20 mg/kg | 4 weeks | 4 weeks | Oral | IG | ↑ kidney and body weight; SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GSH, Nrf-2, HO-1, and γ-GCLC expression /activity ↓ blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine; glomerulus shrinkage, tubule dilation, collagen deposition, and renal inflammation; COX-2, iNOS, PGE2, NO, EMT markers (TGF-β1, Twist, fibronectin) |
| Fu et al. (2017) [120] * | Sirt3/FoxO3a pathway | 2 mg/kg | 10 mg/kg | 7 days | 7 days | IP | IP | ↑ mitochondrial biogenesis, membrane potential, mtDNA copy number and mass; ATP levels, COX IV, Sirt3, FoxO3a, PGC-1α, and SOD2 expression/activity ↓ mROS, Cd-induced apoptosis, and mitochondrial damage, caspase-3 activity, Bax expression, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation |
| Zhang et al. (2020) [122] * | Nuclear xenobiotic receptor (NXR) response and mitophagy | 140 mg/kg | 400 mg/kg | 90 days | 90 days | Oral | Oral | ↑ CYP450 content, APND and ERND activity; activated NXRs response; mitochondrial function and structure; Sirt3, FoxO3a, PGC-1α, and SOD2 expression; T-SOD, Cu-Zn SOD, GSH-Px, GST, and CAT activities ↓ atrophy, enlargement, exfoliation, vacuolation, and nuclear damage; AH and NCR activities; oxidative stress markers; caspase-3 activity, Bax expression, ERK1/2 phosphorylation |
| Chou et al. (2019) [125] § | Pyroptosis, ER stress | 2–10 μM | 10 μM | 48 h | 12 h | NA | NA | ↑ SIRT1 protein levels and activity ↓ NLRP3, cleaved-caspase-1, cleaved-IL-1β; IL-6, IL-18, IL-1β, TNF-α; LDH release, PI-positive cells; ER stress markers; XBP-1s mRNA and protein levels, Edem1, P58ipk |
| Rafati et al. (2015) [131] * | [histological study] | 1 mg/kg | 20 mg/kg | Daily | 4 weeks | IP | IP | ↑ restoration of total hepatocyte volume and number, sinusoid and central vein volume. Restoration of total glomeruli volume, mean glomerulus volume, PCT and DCT volumes, and lengths. Restoration of glomerular changes and intact DCT length ↓ hepatocyte nuclei number, fibrous tissue accumulation and bridges, perisinusoidal fibrosis, canal narrowing. Degenerated glomeruli and tubules, fibrous tissue volume. Degenerative glomerular changes and dilatation of PCT and DCT lumen, fibrous tissue accumulation |
| Eybl et al. (2006) [132] * | Lipid peroxidation, GSH | 7 mg/kg | 20 mg/kg | Single | 3 days | SC | Oral | ↓ liver lipid peroxidation; glutathione levels and GPx activity; catalase activity |
| Al-Baqami et al. (2021) [133] * | Biomarkers of hepatic functions and antioxidant enzymes | 5 mg/kg | 20 mg/kg | 30 days | 30 days | IP | IP | ↑ SOD, GPx, CAT ↑ALT, AST, LDH, ALP, γ-GT |
*: in vivo; §: in vitro; NA: not applicable; IP: intraperitoneal; IG: intragastric; SC: subcutaneous; ↑: increase; ↓: decrease/inhibition.